6 Questions What? Where? Who? When? Why? How?

1. What? Imperialism and Colonialism Imperialism: a stronger state imposing its power over weaker ones Colonialism: process of acquiring colonies Many times these terms are interchangeable, Colonialism is slightly more specific

2. Where Imperialist powers of Europe Colonies in Africa

3. Who? Imperial Powers Africa Congo South Africa Northern Africa Britain France Belgium King Leopold Germany Italy Dutch- “Boers” Congo South Africa Zulu Northern Africa Nigeria Ethiopia

4. When? Late 1800s to early 1900s Berlin Conference- 1884 WWI Starts in 1914

5. Why? Economics Prestige and Nationalism Civilize other peoples Industrial Revolution Resources and Markets Prestige and Nationalism Makes your country look good Civilize other peoples “White Man’s Burden” Social Darwinism

Why now? Why didn’t Europeans colonize Africa before the late 1880s? Colonies in Americas and India began in 1500s What is different about Africa?

Geography! Terrain Disease African Tribes Mountains, Deserts, Rapids and Jungles are tough to navigate Disease Europeans are very susceptible to Malaria African Tribes Thousands of independent and warlike tribes

Homework for tonight is to answer this question (with your questions for 11.1): Why was disease an ally against Native Americans but an enemy against Native Africans?

6. How? How did Europeans overcome the problems mentioned in the previous slide? What new technologies allowed for the colonialization of Africa?

Technologies Transportation helps overcome terrain Railroad and Steamboat New weaponry helps conquer natives Maxim Gun Medical advances help cure disease Quinine helps stem Malaria

Maxim Gun

Berlin Conference 1884

What is it? A meeting between the major European powers designed to prevent war by creating rules for colonizing Africa Basically, the European leaders carved up Africa for themselves

Moral Problems: Short Term Why is this bad? Goes against enlightenment ideals of self-rule Exploitation of Indigenous peoples

Who sits with whom at lunch? What if Mr. Wells determined the seating arrangement? Would everyone get along? Why or why not?

Moral Problems: Long Term How does the Berlin Conference affect us today? NO African leaders were invited to the conference Because Europeans divided based on their interests, boundaries were completely artificial and did not reflect tribal and political groups Creates many of the ethic conflicts and political messes we see today Not a problem unique to Africa- we see issues of artificial boundaries in many places touched by European Imperialism

Belgians and the Congo

King Leopold II Seeks colony for himself and Belgium Founds private company under guise of philanthropy Hires Henry Stanley to explore Congo river

Congo Free State Leopold becomes sole owner of “Congo Free State” in 1885 Brutal treatment and exploitation of locals Estimated 10 million deaths After public is made aware, Congo Free State becomes absorbed by Belgium in 1908; atrocities subside

Types of Imperialist Rule

Direct Rule Conquer territory Send officials from home country to govern the colony Use of force when necessary Favored by French

Indirect Rule Conquer territory Use local leaders as puppets “Westernize” offspring of leaders Use of force when necessary Favored by British

Sphere of Influence Trading monopoly of a region by one European power The region maintains its “independence” Example: China

French Algeria France conquered Algeria in the 1830s Some areas could elect their own representatives, most under appointed French rule After 1848, part of Algeria becomes “integral part of France”, most is still considered a colony

British South Africa Dutch settlers (Boers) around Cape of Good Hope wipe out many indigenous peoples British acquire South Africa from Dutch, defeats Boers and gains control over all of South Africa Racial caste system develops