1:1—Paleo and Neolithic Periods Period 1 (to 600 BCE)

From Hunter-Foragers to Settled Societies We learn about early human history from artifacts—objects made by people from the past

From Hunter-Foragers to Settled Societies homo sapiens sapiens—modern humans first appeared in east Africa between 200k-100k years ago migration factors: food, climate change, overcrowding Bering Strait—once frozen land bridge connecting Asia and the Americas prehistory—time before writing (Paleo and Neolithic Periods)

The Paleolithic Period (to 8k BCE) The Paleolithic Period (aka the Old Stone Age)—humans nomadic; hunted and foraged for food; used tools from stone, wood, animal bones Tools different by region Tundra—scrapers to remove animal skin from flesh Tropics—nets for catching fish Med. Sea and Pacific—rafts Forests—axes to cut trees for shelter

Bone tools show the increasing intentionality of tool use among hunting and gathering peoples, as implements were shaped for various purposes. Bone tools show the increasing intentionality of tool use among hunting and gathering peoples, as implements were shaped for various purposes.

The Paleolithic Period (to 8k BCE) Fire used for: Light after the sun went down Heat to move to colder climates Protection from wild animals Cooking higher calorie and nutritious foods

The Paleolithic Period (to 8k BCE) At the center of society was the nuclear family Kinship group  clan  tribe Tribes used for group hunting, defense, led by chiefs and priests Traded food, clothing, tools, people  new ideas

The Paleolithic Period (to 8k BCE) Societies were small and patriarchal—dominated by men men: hunts, warfare, heavy labor women: gathering, cooking, child rearing, first farmers

Paleolithic Art and Religion gods associated with forces of nature animism—belief that animals, rivers, and other elements of nature embody spirits shamans—people believed to have abilities to cure the sick and influence the future Cave paintings date back 32k years ago

In Lascaux, France, in 1940, four boys happened upon a long-hidden cave filled with thousands of complex and beautiful Stone Age paintings like this none. Most of the paintings are of animals, some of which were extinct by the time they were painted. No one knows for sure why Stone Age artists painted these pictures, but they remain a powerful reminder of the sophistication of so-called primitive peoples. FIGURE 1.2 In Lascaux, France, in 1940, four boys happened upon a long-hidden cave filled with thousands of complex and beautiful Stone Age paintings like this none. Most of the paintings are of animals, some of which were extinct by the time they were painted. No one knows for sure why Stone Age artists painted these pictures, but they remain a powerful reminder of the sophistication of so-called primitive peoples.

The Neolithic Period (8k – 3k BCE) The Neolithic Period (aka the New Stone Age)—humans begin to farm, settle, and form civilizations Agricultural Revolution (c. 8k BCE)— invention of farming, beginning of the Neolithic Period Warmer climate allows for farming  food surpluses agriculture—raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis pastoralism—domestication of wild animals (dogs, goats, cows, horses, etc.

The Neolithic Period (8k – 3k BCE) specialization of labor: artisans, merchants, soldiers, priests, farmers governments: led by priests or those with most land or skills better technology: waterproof clay pots, plow, wheeled cart, metal weapons

Excavation of the ancient settlement at Çatal Hüyük, in what is now southern Turkey. Movement within the settlement was mainly across the roofs and terraces of the houses. Because each dwelling had a substantial storeroom for food, the settlement was often the target of attacks by outsiders. The houses were joined together to provide protection from such attacks; when the outside entrances were barricaded, the complex was transformed into a fortress. FIGURE 1.3 Excavation of the ancient settlement at Çatal Hüyük, in what is now southern Turkey. Movement within the settlement was mainly across the roofs and terraces of the houses. Because each dwelling had a substantial storeroom for food, the settlement was often the target of attacks by outsiders. The houses were joined together to provide protection from such attacks; when the outside entrances were barricaded, the complex was transformed into a fortress.

The First Civilizations civilizations—large societies containing powerful states and smaller cities social class system, govt run by priest or powerful landowner, strong military, organized religion first civilizations developed around river valleys

Use yesterday’s notes to answer bellringer (front and back)

DBQ: Farmer Power Summarize pros of farming Summarize cons of farming Respond with your analysis (agree, disagree, what’s author missing, etc.)