United States Foreign Policy

Unit 6: United States Foreign Policy, 1920s, Great Depression, and the New Deal Philadelphia Press. Ten Thousand Miles from Tip to Tip. 1898. Use your Primary Source Analysis Guide for Cartoons.

Unit 6: United States Foreign Policy, 1920s, Great Depression, and the New Deal Zimmerman, Arthur. Telegram. 1917 Use your Primary Source Analysis Guide for Documents. On the first of February, we intend to begin unrestricted submarine warfare. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and make peace together. We shall give generous financial support, and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details of settlement are left to you. In January of 1917, British cryptographers deciphered a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Minister to Mexico, von Eckhardt, offering United States territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause. This message helped draw the United States into the war and thus changed the course of history. The telegram had such an impact on American opinion that, according to David Kahn, author of The Codebreakers, "No other single cryptanalysis has had such enormous consequences." It is his opinion that "never before or since has so much turned upon the solution of a secret message." In an effort to protect their intelligence from detection and to capitalize on growing anti-German sentiment in the United States, the British waited until February 24 to present the telegram to Woodrow Wilson. The American press published news of the telegram on March 1. On April 6, 1917, the United States Congress formally declared war on Germany and its allies.

What is Foreign Policy? How a country deals with other countries foreign relations policy, consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve its goals within international relations milieu.[citation needed] The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. In recent times, due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities, the states will also have to interact with non-state actors.

Isolationism Why did the United States follow a policy of Isolationism in the 1800s? The first foreign policy in the United States (Monroe Doctrine) When a country doesn’t get involved in the affairs of other countries

Industrialization and Isolationism After the U.S. Civil War, Cyrus Field attempted to create a transatlantic telegraph cable under the Bering Strait In 1854 Field began the quest to lay a telegraphic cable across the Atlantic Ocean. After several failed attempts, in August 1858 Field arranged for Queen Victoria to send the first transatlantic message to President James Buchanan, and New York erupted in celebrations, lauding Field, telegraph inventor Samuel F. B. Morse, modern technology, and American ingenuity in general. But the cable broke after just three weeks, and Field did not complete his project until 1866. The Bering Strait

1867: Alaska Secretary of State William Seward negotiated the sale of AK $7,200,000 or 2¢ per acre “Russian America” “Seward’s Folly” The purchase of Alaska in 1867 marked the end of Russian efforts to expand trade and settlements to the Pacific coast of North America, and became an important step in the United States rise as a great power in the Asia-Pacific region. The looming U.S. Civil War delayed the sale, but after the war, Secretary of State William Seward quickly took up a renewed Russian offer and on March 30, 1867, agreed to a proposal from Russian Minister in Washington, Edouard de Stoeckl, to purchase Alaska for $7.2 million. Skeptics had dubbed the purchase of Alaska "Seward's Folly," but the former Secretary of State was vindicated when a major gold deposit was discovered in the Yukon in 1896, and Alaska became the gateway to the Klondike gold fields. The strategic importance of Alaska was finally recognized in World War II.

Imperialism When a country tries to dominate another country Some European countries practiced imperialism in the 1800s by taking over the governments of other countries. Political Power (Territory, Natural Resources) Imperialistic Country

Was the United States Imperialistic?

Hawaiian Sugar Plantation Hawaiian Benevolence 1830s: Britain and France forced Hawaii to extend “privileges” 1842: U.S. reaffirmed that European colonization was not welcome in the Americas 1849: Treaty of friendship between the U.S. and Hawaii 1875: U.S. Sugar producers moved into Hawaii Hawaiian Sugar Plantation

Hawaiian Aggression 1893: U.S. deposed Queen Liliuokalani (fear of high sugar tariffs) Samuel Dole and sailors from the USS Boston surrounded the palace

President Benjamin Harrison encouraged the coup. Hawaiian Controversy “I am ashamed of the whole affair.” President Grover Cleveland opposed the takeover and tried to restore the Queen. President Benjamin Harrison encouraged the coup. President William McKinley annexed Hawaii in 1898, aroused by nationalism spurred from the Spanish-American War.

1898: Spanish-American War The United States fought for Cuban Independence from Spain. At the end of the war, the United States acquired protectorates: Guam Puerto Rico The Philippines

Dollar Diplomacy President Taft’s plan Encouraged United States citizens to invest in Latin America He promised that the United States would step in if unrest threatened their investments.

China in the 1800s Early 1800s: Opium Wars Not recognized as a sovereign nation by European countries Sphere of influence: Area where a foreign nation has greater political power than a host nation

The Open Door Policy Secretary of State John Hay proposed a policy that would give all nations equal trading rights in China. This policy would give imperial nations EQUAL FOOTING and prevent China from being carved up.

China’s Humiliation NO NATION FORMALLY AGREED TO THE OPEN DOOR POLICY…BUT Hay announced the agreement to the Policy. U.S. investment interests were PROTECTED.

The Boxer Rebellion The “Boxers” (Chinese native martial artists) rebelled against Imperial Powers. China paid $300 million in reparations. The U.S. used part of its share to fund scholarships to Chinese students.

Global Economy Growth in international trade occurred from the late 1800s to World War I—the first era of a true “global economy.”

Imperialism John Green