Industrialization – late 19th c. How did the government intervene to solve the problems of industrialization?

Theories: Summing Up CAPITALISM SOCIALISM COMMUNISM On private property Individuals and businesses own private property The gov’t. controls major industries and individuals have private property The community owns all the property and means of production On progress Self-interest = progress Combination of self-interest and communal production = progress The community producing for the common good = progress On Capitalists Compete for consumer’s money State should protect consumers so that they have basics Capitalists take advantage of workers / community must protect workers On Competition Consumers compete for best goods at lowest price. Competition shapes the market. It’s necessary to insure that people have access to basics (housing, living wage, education & healthcare. Capitalism = unequal distrib. of wealth. It’s better to distribute goods according to each person’s needs On Gov’t.’s role Competition creates efficiency in business Competition on small scale is good; gov’t should distribute goods so that everyone has basics Gov’t. should distribute goods according to each person’s needs

Other schools of thought: Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham Socialism: Charles Fourier Utopian Socialism: Robert Owen

LABOR UNIONS AND REFORM LAWS UNIONIZATION LEGAL REFORM – Britain / USA UNIONS COLLECTIVE BARGAINING STRIKES SLOW PROGRESS Overturned the Combination Acts (Britain) – 1824 Right to strike and picket peacefully – 1875 (Britain) Legal recognition of unions in USA since early 1800s 1886 >> AFL (USA) Britain: 1832 >> Sadler Commission 1833 >> Factory Act (illegal to hire children under 9 yrs old; 9 – 12 no more than 8 hrs.; 13-17 no more than 12 hrs.) 1842 >> Mines Act – prevented women & children from working underground 1847 >> 10 Hrs. Act – 10 hr workday for women & children US: 1904>> Nat’l. Child Labor Cmte.-banned child labor (overturned by Sup Crt.)>>left to states

OTHER PIONEERS FOR SOCIAL REFORM WILLIAM WILBERFORCE: Slavery >> Britain abolished Slave trade 1807; slavery 1833; US: 1865; PR: 1873; Cuba: 1886; Brazil: 1888 JANE ADDAMS Women’s Rights Immigrant’s Rights; Seneca Fall Convention (1848) and Internat’l. Council for Women-1888 HORACE MANN: Public Education began by 1850s; W. Europe: late 1800s

FOR DISCUSSION: DID CONDITIONS IMPROVE IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY? WHY? HOW? HOW DID INDUSTRIALIZATION AFFECT GLOBAL ECONOMICS AND POLITICS? IN WHAT WAYS WAS THE WORLD / SOCIETY STILL DIVIDED?