PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE Pro has NO No nucleus, no organelles You are Eu!! Eu has nucleus and organelles

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL Have centrioles Has cell wall and chloroplasts

CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRIA Found in plant cells Site of photosynthesis Found in plant and animal cells Site of cellular respiration

DNA RNA Double stranded Double helix Deoxyribose sugar A, T, C, G Single stranded Ribose sugar A, U, C, G

RECEPTOR CHANNEL Cell membrane protein that receives messages Cell membrane protein that acts as a doorway for molecules to pass through

ACTIVE PASSIVE Requires energy Moves molecules from lesser to greater concentration Moves moleules UP the concentration gradient Does not require energy Moves molecules from greater to lesser concentration Moves molecules DOWN the concentration gradient

PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION Occurs in the chloroplasts Requires energy in the form of light Occurs in the mitochondria Releases energy in the form of ATP

AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Requires oxygen Releases the most ATP (38) Occurs when NO oxygen is present Only releases 4 ATP

LACTIC ACID ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION FERMENTATION Occurs in animals Releases lactic acid as a by-product Causes muscle fatigue and soreness Occurs in plants Releases alcohol as a by-product Source of the wine/beer industry

DNA REPLICATION RNA TRANSCRIPTION Makes a copy of DNA Occurs during S-phase of interphase Makes RNA from DNA Must occur so that protein synthesis can occur

TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION Makes RNA from DNA Must occur since DNA is too big to fit through nuclear membrane Makes protein from RNA RNA codons determine the order of the amino acids in the protein

TYPES OF RNA mRNA: messenger RNA; carries the message from DNA to the ribosome tRNA: transfer RNA; carries the amino acids to the ribosome in the proper order rRNA: ribosomal RNA; makes up part of the ribosome

ASEXUAL SEXUAL One parent Offspring is a clone (or exact copy) of the parent cell No variation within the population; if one dies of disease, they all die Two parents Offspring is a genetic mix of the two parent Produces variation within the species; if one dies of disease, the whole population does NOT die

MITOSIS MEIOSIS Starts with 1 diploid cell Ends with 2 diploid cells that are exactly the same Produces somatic (body) cells Goes through IPMAT and cytokinesis one time Starts with 1 diploid cell Ends with 4 haploid cells that are each different Produces gametes (sex cells) Goes through IPMAT and cytokinesis two times

DIPLOID HAPLOID 2n In humans, the diploid number is 46 chromosomes Individuals with 2 complete sets of chromosomes (one set from each parent) n In humans, the haploid number is 23 chromosomes Individuals with one set of chromosomes

GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE The gene combination The letters such as AA, Aa, aa The physical trait A description of the trait such as tall or short

DOMINANT RECESSIVE The trait that is seen when paired with a recessive trait The dominant trait masks/hides the recessive trait Represented by the capital letter (A) The trait that is not seen when paired with a dominant trait The recessive trait is masked or hidden Represented by the little letter (a) The recessive phenotype is only seen with a genotype of “aa”

CODOMINANT INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE When the heterozygous genotype (Aa) results in a phenotype that shows BOTH of the other two phenotypes Usually seen as spots, stripes, or checks When the heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype that is a blend of the other two phenotypes Red and white make pink

MULTIPLE POLYGENIC ALLELES When more than two alleles govern a trait Human blood type is an example When more than one gene controls a trait Skin, eye, and hair color are examples

DNA KARYOTYPES FINGERPRINTS Uses gel electrophoresis Used to determine parentage and solve crimes A picture of a person’s chromosomes Used to determine chromosomal abnormalities and sex of child

MORPHOLOGY PHYLOGENY Using physical traits to classify organisms Used primarily by Aristotle and Linneus Using evolutionary relationships to classify organisms Used in the modern system of classification

AUTOTROPH HETEROTROPH Organisms that can make their own food through chemosynthesis or photosynthesis Examples: algae, trees, certain bacterias Organisms that absorb or ingest their food Examples: people, bugs, fungi

T CELLS B CELLS Help B cells make antibodies or kill infected cells

TAXIS TROPISM Simple animal movement toward or away from a stimulus Clams, slugs, worms Simple plant responses toward or away from a stimulus Plant leaning toward the light

INSTINCT REFLEX An innate behavior that is complex and takes a while to perform Birds building a nest An innate behavior that is simple and quick Blinking when something hits your face; fight or flight

LEARNED INNATE Behaviors that must be taught and practiced Conditioning, trial and error, insight, social heirarchies Behaviors that are inherited and do not have to be learned Reflexes and instincts