Evolutionary Processes I. Population Evolution (Microevolution) A. Definitions 1. Population versus Specie 2. Gene Pool versus Gene Frequency 3. Homozygous versus Heterozygous 4. Genes versus Alleles
B. Mendel’s Principles 2. Application 1. Condition & Principle One gene = One trait and a fixed gene pool. a. First principle = Principle of Segregation 2. Application Monohybrid heterozygous crosses yield what kind of phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
Phenotypic Ratio 3:1 Genotypic Ratio 1:2:1 Figure 14.7
1. Condition & Principle One gene = One trait and a fixed gene pool. b. Second principle = Principle of Independent Assortment 2. Application Dihybrid heterozygous crosses yield what kind of phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
Figure 14.8 Phenotypic Ratio 9:3:3:1 Genotypic Ratio
C. Hardy-Weinberg Theorem 1. Conditions For the H-W principle to work: No Mutation, No Gene Flow, Large Population, Random Mating, and No Natural Selection 2. Application AA = p2, aa = q2, and Aa = 2pq or 1 = p2 + 2pq + q2
Figure 23.8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Kbruik_LOo
D. Microevolution 1. Trends a. Gene Flow i. Immigration and ii. Emigration Figure 24.12
b. Genetic Drift i. Bottleneck and ii. Founder Effects Figure 23.10
c. Mutation = Why or How?
e. Natural Selection Trends i. Stabilizing vs. ii. Directional vs. d. Non-random and Assortative mating (competition, predation, sex selection, altruism, and symbiosis) i. Inbreeding vs. ii. Sex Selection e. Natural Selection Trends i. Stabilizing vs. ii. Directional vs. iii. Diversifying Causes? Figure 23.13
E. Extinction 1. Causes a. Distribution b. Interactions c. Habitat Changes Natural versus Man-made
II. Species Formation (Macroevolution) A. Definition B. Speciation Mechanisms 1. Allopatric Figure 24.8
2. Sympatric Figure 24.9 Figure 24.5
3. Parapatric
4. Isolation Figure 24.3
III. Evolutionary Trends A. Definition B. Rate 2. Punctuated 1. Gradualistic Figure 24.16
3. Mosaic Figure 25.28
C. Mechanisms 1. Exaptations 2. Allometric Growth Figure 34.29
a. Heterochrony b. Paedomorphosis Figure 25.24