Unit 28 Website Production Assignment “2”

Understanding Web Servers Needs protocols to ensure each computer can exchange data. Most important protocols are: Transmission Control Protocol Allows for the delivery of data Internet Protocol Establishes consistent address format to allow machines to contact each other Both of these date back to 1960s Understanding Web Servers

Any device connecting to internet must have unique IP address (currently version 4) Four octets of numbers (range 0 -255) separated by dots Gives ~4 billion unique addresses Now running out so moving to version 6 this will yield 3.4 * 10 38 IP

The TCP/IP Reference Model Frame of reference used to develop the Internet's protocols. Consists of layers that perform functions necessary to prepare data for transmission over a network. Description Protocols Application Provides network services to user applications HTTP, HTML, Telnet, FTP, SMTP, DNS Transport Provides end-to-end management of data and divides data into segments TCP, UDP Internet Provides connectivity between hosts in the network IP, ICMP, RIP, ARP Network Access Describes the standards that hosts use to access the physical media 8.8.1 Define the TCP/IP model The TCP/IP reference model Frame of reference used to develop the Internet's protocols Consists of layers that perform functions necessary to prepare data for transmission over a network A message moves from the top (Application) layer down the TCP/IP layers to the bottom Network Access Layer. Header information is added to the message as it moves down through each layer and is then transmitted. After reaching the destination, the message travels back up through each layer of the TCP/IP model. The header information that was added to the message is stripped away as the message moves up through the layers toward its destination. Application Layer protocols provide network services to user applications such as web browsers and e-mail programs Transport Layer protocols provide end-to-end management of the data and divides the data into manageable segments for easier transport across the network Internet Layer protocols provide connectivity between hosts in the network Network Access Layer protocols describe the standards that hosts use to access the physical media. The IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standards and technologies, such as CSMA/CD and 10BASE-T are defined in this layer.

The OSI Model The OSI model is an industry standard framework that is used to divide network communications into seven layers. Although other models exist, most network vendors today build their products using this framework. A protocol stack is a system that implements protocol behavior using a series of layers. Protocol stacks can be implemented either in hardware or software, or in a combination of both. Typically, only the lower layers are implemented in hardware, and the higher layers are implemented in software. 8.8.2 Define the OSI model The OSI model is an industry standard framework that is used to divide network communications into seven distinct layers. Although other models exist, most network vendors today build their products using this framework. A system that implements protocol behavior consisting of a series of these layers is known as a protocol stack. Protocol stacks can be implemented either in hardware or software, or a combination of both. Typically, only the lower layers are implemented in hardware, and the higher layers are implemented in software.

The OSI Model "Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away" Layer Description Application 7 Responsible for network services to applications Presentation 6 Transforms data formats to provide a standard interface for the Application layer Session 5 Establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application Transport 4 Provides reliable transport and flow control across a network Network 3 Responsible for logical addressing and the domain of routing Data Link 2 Provides physical addressing and media access procedures Physical 1 Defines all the electrical and physical specifications for devices 8.8.2 Define the OSI model Each layer is responsible for part of the processing to prepare data for transmission on the network. The chart shows what each layer of the OSI model does. NOTE: Mnemonics can help you remember the seven layers of the OSI. Some examples include: "All People Seem To Need Data Processing" and "Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away". Remember the OSI layers with this mnemonic: "Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away"

Compare OSI and TCP/IP Models The OSI model and the TCP/IP model are both reference models used to describe the data communication process. The TCP/IP model is used specifically for the TCP/IP suite of protocols and the OSI model is used for development of standard communication for equipment and applications from different vendors. The TCP/IP model performs the same process as the OSI model, but uses four layers instead of seven. Student Activity: The student course content includes a matching activity, 8.8.3 OSI Model. To complete this activity, students will match the OSI layers to the TCP/IP layers.

TCP/IP Application layer Application Layer protocols provide network services to user applications such as web browsers and e-mail programs They include: HTTP, HTML, Telnet, FTP, SMTP, DNS Find definitions for each of these, explain what they do. TCP/IP Application layer

P1 outline the web architecture and components which enable internet and web functionality P2 explain the user side and server side factors that influence the performance of a website M1 explain the role of web architecture in website communications D1 explain the role of the TCP/IP protocol and how it links to application layer protocols Assignment “2”

The Application layer, Layer seven, is the top layer of both the OSI and TCP/IP models. It provides the interface between the applications we use to communicate and the underlying network over which our messages are transmitted. Application layer protocols are used to exchange data between programs running on the source and destination hosts. There are many Application layer protocols and new protocols are always being developed Application Layer

The functionality of the TCP/IP application layer protocols fit roughly into the framework of the top three layers of the OSI model: Application, Presentation and Session layers

Application Layer Functions In order for the communications to be successful, the application layer protocols implemented on the source and destination host must match. Protocols establish consistent rules for exchanging data between applications and services loaded on the participating devices Many different types of applications communicate across data networks. Therefore, Application layer services must implement multiple protocols to provide the desired range of communication experiences Applications and services may also use multiple protocols in the course of a single conversation. Application Layer Functions

The Transport layer uses an addressing scheme called a port number The Transport layer uses an addressing scheme called a port number. Port numbers identify applications and Application layer services that are the source and destination of data Domain Name System (DNS) - TCP/UDP Port 53 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - TCP Port 80 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) - TCP Port 25 Post Office Protocol (POP) - UDP Port 110 Telnet - TCP Port 23 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - UDP Port 67 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - TCP Ports 20 and 21 Common Ports

Application Layer Software Within the Application layer, there are two forms of software programs or processes that provide access to the network. Network-Aware Applications: Some end-user applications are network-aware, meaning that they implement the application layer protocols and are able to communicate directly with the lower layers of the protocol stack. Ex: Email client, web browser Application Layer Software

In a client/server network, the server runs a service, or process, sometimes called a server daemon. Like most services, daemons typically run in the background and are not under an end user's direct control. When a daemon "hears" a request from a client, it exchanges appropriate messages with the client, as required by its protocol, and proceeds to send the requested data to the client in the proper format httpd, telnetd, ftpd and etc Servers KC KHOR, Multimedia Univ. Cyberjaya

Application Layer Protocol Functions In order for the communications to be successful, the application layer protocols implemented on the source and destination host must match. Protocols establish consistent rules for exchanging data between applications and services loaded on the participating devices Many different types of applications communicate across data networks. Therefore, Application layer services must implement multiple protocols to provide the desired range of communication experiences Applications and services may also use multiple protocols in the course of a single conversation. Application Layer Protocol Functions

The Domain Name System (DNS) was created for domain name to address resolution for these networks. DNS is a client/server service but a bit different from others The DNS client runs as a service itself. The DNS client, sometimes called the DNS resolver, supports name resolution for our other network applications and other services that need it Try nslookup DNS

A DNS server provides the name resolution using the name daemon, which is often called named, (pronounced name-dee). When a client makes a query, the server's "named" process first looks at its own records to see if it can resolve the name. If it is unable to resolve the name using its stored records, it contacts other servers in order to resolve the name Once a match is found and returned to the original requesting server, the server temporarily stores the numbered address that matches the name in cache. ipconfig /displaydns command displays all of the cached DNS entries on a Windows XP or 2000 computer system. DNS cont’d

DNS Heirarchy

When a web address (or URL) is typed into a web browser, the web browser establishes a connection to the web service running on the server using the HTTP protocol. The browser interprets the 3 parts of the URL: 1. http (the protocol or scheme) 2. www.cisco.com(the server name) 3. web-server.htm (the specific file name requested). HTTP specifies a request/response protocol. When a client, typically a web browser, sends a request message to a server, the HTTP protocol defines the message types the client uses to request the web page and also the message types the server uses to respond. The three common message types are GET, POST, and PUT. GET is a client request for data. A web browser sends the GET message to request pages from a web server. POST and PUT are used to send messages that upload data to the web server HTTPS? HTTP

Post Office Protocol (POP) and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) are involved in email services. Users use an application called a Mail User Agent (MUA), or e-mail client to allow messages to be sent and places received messages into the client's mailbox. In order to receive e-mail messages from an e-mail server, the e-mail client can use POP. Sending e-mail from either a client or a server uses message formats and command strings defined by the SMTP protocol. E-mail protocols

E-mail schematic

FTP was developed to allow for file transfers between a client and a server. An FTP client is an application that runs on a computer that is used to push and pull files from a server running the FTP daemon (FTPd). The client establishes the first connection to the server on TCP port 21. This connection is used for control traffic, consisting of client commands and server replies. The client establishes the second connection to the server over TCP port 20. This connection is for the actual file transfer and is created every time there is a file transferred. The file transfer can happen in either direction. The client can download (pull) a file from the server or, the client can upload (push) a file to the server. FTP

DHCP The Dynamic Host Confirmation Protocol (DHCP) service enables devices on a network to obtain IP addresses and other information from a DHCP server. This service automates the assignment of IP addresses, subnet masks, gateway and other IP networking parameters. KC KHOR, Multimedia Univ. Cyberjaya

A DHCP server replies with a DHCP OFFER. The DHCP server maintains a pool of IP addresses and leases an address to any DHCP-enabled client when the client is powered on. DHCP DISCOVER packet to identify any available DHCP servers on the network A DHCP server replies with a DHCP OFFER. The client may receive multiple DHCP OFFER packets if there is more than one DHCP server on the local network, so it must choose between them, and broadcast a DHCP REQUEST packet that identifies the explicit server and lease offer that the client is accepting. Assuming that the IP address requested by the client, or offered by the server, is still valid, the server would return a DHCP ACK message that acknowledges to the client the lease is finalized. If the offer is no longer valid - perhaps due to a time-out or another client allocating the lease - then the selected server will respond with a DHCP NAK message (Negative Acknowledgement). If receive DHCP NAK, begin again with a new DHCP DISCOVER. KC KHOR, Multimedia Univ. Cyberjaya

Telnet Telnet provides a standard method of emulating text- based terminal devices over the data network. A connection using Telnet is called a Virtual Terminal (VTY) session, or connection. Rather than using a physical device to connect to the server, Telnet uses software to create a virtual device that provides the same features of a terminal session with access to the server command line interface (CLI). To support Telnet client connections, the server runs a service called the Telnet daemon. A virtual terminal connection is established from an end device using a Telnet client application. If security is a concern, the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol offers an alternate and secure method for server access. KC KHOR, Multimedia Univ. Cyberjaya