Bell Work Answer the following questions: What was feudalism? What was the role of the church during the Middle Ages? What about superstitions?

World Civilizations A Mrs. Elam and Mrs. Wilson The Crusades World Civilizations A Mrs. Elam and Mrs. Wilson

Quick Review What was feudalism? What was the role of the church? Superstitions?

What was the purpose? The first of the Crusades began in 1095, when armies of Christians from Western Europe responded to Pope Urban II’s plea to go to war against Muslim forces in the Holy Land.

What was the purpose? http://www.history.com/topics/crusades

The First Crusade

The First Crusade 1096 AD – 1099AD Four armies of Crusaders were formed from troops of different Western European regions, making up about 30,00 soldiers. They were led by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh of Vermandois, and Bohemond of Taranto. With their armies, they set out for the Holy Lands in August of 1096. In May 1097 the Crusaders and their Byzantine allies attacked Nicea (modern day Iznik, Turkey). The city surrendered in late June.

The First Crusade In June of 1098, the armies captured Antioch. Making their way further to the south, in June of 1099 the armies finally reached Jerusalem. They considered this city to be the center of the Holy Lands. Upon arriving to the city, the crusaders met a group called the Fatimid Muslims. They were friendly and accepting of the Christian people, and even offered to share the city with them, but the crusaders declined. They turned the war into a raging war on all Muslims and the entire Islam religion. The crusaders broke through the walls of Jerusalem using battering rams and siege towers. Once inside, they killed and disgraced the dead bodies of 70,000 Muslims and Jews who were living there.

The Crusader States Having achieved their goal in a relatively short time period, many Crusaders went back to Europe. Some, though, stayed back to govern the newly conquered territories. These territories, or Crusader States, were large settlements in Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, and Tripoli. The Crusaders built many castles in the area for protection from the Muslim armies. Around 1130, Muslims started gaining ground in their own holy war (jihad) against the Christians. In 1144 Zangi, Muslim governor of Mosul, captured Edessa.

The Second Crusade

The Second Crusade 1147-1149 (48 years after the first crusade) News of the fall of Edessa stunned Europe, and led Christian authorities in the West to call for another Crusade. This crusade was led by King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany. That October, Turkish forces crushed Conrads forces at Dorylaeum, which was a victory sight for the Christians during the first Crusade. After Louis and Conrad managed to assemble their armies at Jerusalem, they decided to attack the Syrian stronghold of Damascus with an army of around 50,000 people.

The Second Crusade The 50,000 were not enough to take Damascus. The ruler of Damascus was forced to call on Nur al-Din and his forces to aid in battle. Together, Nur al-Din and the army in Damascus dealt a humiliating defeat to the Crusaders, sending them back to Western Europe empty handed.

Bell Work Name 3 things you learned yesterday? What is a question(s) you still have from our lesson yesterday?

The First Crusade

The Second Crusade

The Third Crusade

The Third Crusade 1189-1192 (40 years after the second crusade) While there was a defeat at Damascus, Crusaders still occupied Jerusalem. In 1187, a new ruler named Saladin took control in parts of the Holy Lands and began a major campaign against Crusaders in Jerusalem. His troops virtually destroyed the Christian army at the battle of Hattin, taking the city along with a large amount of territory. The Crusaders were again sent packing back to Western Europe.

The Third Crusade Outraged over the defeats, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Phillip II of France, King Richard I of England (or Richard the Lionheart) began the Third Crusade in 1189. By September of 1191, Richards forces defeated Saladin’s in the Battle of Arsuf, which was the only true battle of the Third Crusade. Through this, they recaptured the city of Jaffa, and Richard reestablished Christian control over some of the region and approached Jerusalem, though Richard refused to lay siege to the city. By September of 1192, Richard and Saladin signed a peace treaty that reestablished the Kingdom of Jerusalem and ended the Third Crusade.

Reminder of Expectations Be respectful to the teacher and other students when they are talking. Not doing so will result in a call home and/or an office referral Taries – 1 to 2 stay after class; 3 call home; 5 referral to principal All electronics should be put away 3 restroom passes per trimester – anything above will result in 5 minutes of break unless a doctor’s note is in place with the nurse. Remain in your seat until the bell rings.

The Fourth Crusade

The Fourth Crusade 1202 - 1204 Pope Innocent III calls for a new Crusade in 1202. This Crusade is different from the ones before. Power struggles between Europe and Byzantium drove the Crusaders to divert their mission in order to take down the Byzantine emperor, Alexius III. The Crusaders were in favor of Alexius III’s nephew, Alexius IV.

The Fourth Crusade Alexius IV met opposition when he tried to merge the church in the Byzantine Empire with the Roman Catholic church in Europe. He was strangled in his palace in early 1204. In response to the death of Alexius IV, Crusaders declared on Constantinople. The Fourth Crusade ends with the conquest and looting of the Magnificent Byzantine capital later that year.

Small Crusades For most of the 13th century, the Crusaders did not go to back to the Holy Lands, but rather went on smaller Crusaders aimed against anyone who was not a Christian. The Albigensian Crusade (1208-1229) was against the people of Languedoc, France. It was also declared by Pope Innocent III. These people believed in Gnostic Dualism, which was against Christianity.

Small Crusades The Baltic Crusades (1211-1225) was aimed at the pagans in Transylvania.

The Fifth Crusade

The Fifth Crusade About 1216 to 1221, was an attempt to recover the Holy Land from the Ayyubid state in Egypt. Pope Innocent III calls for a fifth crusade in 1213, but people are so busy fighting smaller crusades that no one pays attention to his call to fight. Crusaders attacked Egypt from both land and sea, but were forced to surrender to Muslim defenders in 1221. These defenders were led by Saladin’s nephew, Al- Malik al-Kamil.

The Sixth Crusade 1229 Emperor Frederick II achieved the peaceful transfer of Jerusalem to Crusader control through negotiation with al-Kamil. The peace treaty expire a decade later, and Muslims regained control of Jerusalem.

The Seventh Crusade Seventh Crusade 1239-1241 Led by Thibault IV of Champagne Recaptured Jerusalem Jerusalem captured by Muslims in 1244 by forces enlisted by the sultan of Egypt.

The Eighth Crusade Eighth Crusade 1249-1250 King Louis IX of France leads it Ended in defeat at Mansura the following year. Louis IX dies in 1268 as he attempts (and fails) to lead another crusade in 1268 in North Africa.

The End of the Crusades The Eighth Crusade can be considered the last. After 1291, minor military campaigns were aimed at the Holy Lands to push Muslims and Pagans from the territory. The support of these minor campaigns ended in the 16th century with the rise of the Reformation.