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Let’s start with a simple sentence… I bought a book. This sentence has the three basic elements required of either a simple sentence or a clause: Subject = I Verb = bought Object = a book

Now, let’s add another clause … While my mother drank her coffee, I bought a book. While my mother drank her coffee, I bought a book. Now we have a two clause sentence, but these clauses are not the same. The original clause I bought a book can stand on its own as a simple sentence. It expresses a complete thought by itself. Therefore, it is called an independent clause.

Independent Clause (IC) An independent clause is a S + V / O bject or C omplement or A dverbial unit that expresses a complete thought and could stand on its own as a simple sentence. Whether you find an independent clause by itself as a simple sentence or joined with other clauses, you will be able to identify it because it: is a S+V/ unit that expresses a complete thought

But what about the other clause? While my mother drank her coffee, I bought a book. If we only consider the first clause, while my mother drank her coffee, we are left with a question in our minds, “What happened while your mother drank her coffee?!” This clause can not stand on its own as a simple sentence. It requires another clause to a complete its meaning. Therefore, it is called an dependent clause.

Dependent Clause (DC) A dependent clause is a S + V / O bject or C omplement or A dverbial unit that does not express a complete thought and can not stand on its own as a simple sentence. A dependent clause must always be connected to an independent clause. You will be able to identify it because it: is a S+V/ unit that does not express a complete thought on its own

Dependent Clauses There are 3 different types of dependent clauses. Noun Clause (NC) Adjective Clause (AdjC) Adverb Clause (AdvC)

Noun Clause (NC) [S+V/] that acts like a noun I think [you are sick]. Example: I think [you are sick]. I think [you are sick]. O V S Objects are nouns; this entire clause acts like a singular noun, so it is a noun clause. NCs usually follow verbs as objects or complements “Answers” the question “What?” Example: Q: What do you think? A: I think Spiderman is the best superhero.

Noun Clause (NC) -- continued NCs can begin with “that” “that” is a subordinating conjunction that joins it to an IC makes the clause it begins depend on the IC to complete its meaning. “that” is often omitted by native speakers: Example: I think Spiderman is the best superhero. I think that Spiderman is the best superhero.

Adjective Clause (AdjC) [S+V/] that acts like an adjective Example: The story [that I am reading] is sad. [that I am reading] S V relative pronoun This entire clause acts like an adjective, so it is an adjective clause. AdjCs follow nouns Often start with relative pronouns but the relative pronoun can be omitted if the clause has another noun to serve as the subject EX: The story [I am reading]is sad.

Adverb Clause (AdvC) [S+V/] that acts like an adverb Example: [After we drove to the mall] , we looked for a bookstore. This clause gives information about how or why the action happened, so it acts like an adverb. AdvCs always begin with a subordinating conjunction after although as because before even though if since unless until when