Chapter 6: The Byzantine & Islamic Empires I. The Byzantine Civilization

The Rise of “New Rome” Constantinople Dedicated in 330 Important commercial center Political and religious center Capital of Eastern Roman Empire

The Rise of “New Rome” Constantinople One of the five major patriarchates Withstood barbarian threats Maintained many traditions and structures of ancient Rome

The Reign of Justinian Justinian (r. 527-65) Theodora Nika Revolt Wanted to restore the greatness of the Roman Empire

The Reign of Justinian Justinian (r. 527-65) Military campaigns recovered much of the Roman territory Preservation of Roman law Justinian Code Golden age of Byzantine culture

The Reign of Justinian Justinian (r. 527-65) Extensive building program To restore grandeur of ancient Rome Public works Art Hagia Sophia

The Reign of Justinian Justinian (r. 527-65) Problems Neglected defense of empire’s northern and eastern borders Financial drain

Eastern & Western Churches Separate Rome Eastern Orthodox Church Also called Byzantine Church Constantinople State church

Eastern & Western Churches Separate Issues Easter Whether priests should marry Icons Authority of popes and patriarchs

The Empire Under Siege Barbarian attacks Arab Muslim attacks Constantinople withstood Defensible location Strong fortifications “Greek fire”

The Empire Under Siege 850-1050 Period of recovered strength and prosperity Basil II Merchants and missionaries

The Empire Under Siege Growth of commercial rivals Seljuk Turks Venice Seljuk Turks The Crusades Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204

The Empire Under Siege Empire ended in 1453 Ottoman Turks

Byzantine Contributions Shielded the West against the spread of Islam Preserved classical heritage of Greece and Rome Influence on other peoples

Byzantine Contributions Byzantine missionaries Written Slavic language Art and architecture Mosaic Churches Domed structures

Chapter 6: The Byzantine & Islamic Empires II. Early Russia

Beginnings Three groups of Slavs Varangians Rurik West Slavs Yugo-Slavs East Slavs Ancestors of Russians Varangians Rurik

Beginnings Kiev Area under its influence became known as Russia Rus

Byzantine Cultural Influences Adoption of Eastern Orthodoxy in 988 by Vladimir I Slavic alphabet Art Cathedrals The “onion-shaped” dome

Height of Kievan Russia Yaroslav “the Wise” (1036-1054) “Mother of Russian cities” International recognition

Height of Kievan Russia Prosperous center of commerce Declining influence Fighting among Yaroslav’s heirs New commercial centers Tartars destroyed Kiev in 1240

Chapter 6: The Byzantine & Islamic Empires III. The Islamic Civilization

The Land of Arabia Uninviting climate Ishmael Tribal loyalties Bedouins Cities and trade routes along coast

The Founding of Islam Muhammad Claimed to be last & greatest of the prophets of Allah Islam “Submission” Muslims “Submitters to Allah” Early life

The Founding of Islam The Messenger of Allah Visions Mecca Few early followers Kaaba Black Stone

The Founding of Islam The Flight to Medina Hegira (“Flight”) Year 1 in Muslim calendar Accepted in Medina as spiritual, military, and political leader Advanced his views by force

The Founding of Islam The Flight to Medina Returned to Mecca in triumph Established Mecca as the “holy city” of his religious system

The Teachings of Islam The Qur’an Muslims believe Gabriel revealed it to Muhammad through dreams and visions 114 chapters (suras) Belief in one God Muhammad is last and greatest prophet

The Teachings of Islam The Qur’an Moral teachings Some similarities with Bible Rejects doctrine of Trinity Denies Jesus Christ is the Son of God

The Teachings of Islam The Five Pillars Shahadah must be regularly recited Salat: recitation of prayers daily while facing Mecca Zakat: giving of alms to the poor

The Teachings of Islam The Five Pillars Sawm: fast during the month of Ramadan Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca

The Teachings of Islam Contradictions of Islam: Jesus is praised as a prophet of God, but much of what He claimed is rejected It is denied that Jesus died on the cross, so there is no basis for forgiveness

The Spread of Islam Caliphs Abu Bakr The first four were friends of Muhammad Initiated a policy of military conquest

The Spread of Islam Conquered successfully Escape from poverty Byzantine and Persian Empires had become weak United warring Arab tribes around a common cause Jihad

The Spread of Islam Umayyad Caliphate 661-750 Moved capital to Damascus Hereditary dynasty Continued expansion Stopped at Battle of Tours From Spain to India

The Spread of Islam Abbasid Caliphate 750-ca. 1000 Arab supremacy gradually declined Peak of Muslim empire Capital moved to Baghdad Became a commercial center

The Spread of Islam The Turks and the Crusades Seljuk Turks entered Muslim territory Reunited much of the former Arab empire Took control of Asia Minor from Byzantine Empire

The Spread of Islam The Turks and the Crusades Crusades formed to free Palestine from Muslim Turks Weakened the Seljuks Seljuk Empire ended by Mongols Ottoman Empire

Muslim Culture Contributions Blended many cultural influences Persian influences Trade and trade routes New products and ideas Preservation of manuscripts

Muslim Culture Contributions Medicine Galen and Hippocrates al-Rāzi and Ibn Sina Surgical skills Pharmacies

Muslim Culture Contributions Literature Omar Khayyam Rubaiyat The Thousand and One Nights Mathematics

Muslim Culture Contributions Art and Architecture Representation of men and animals was forbidden Abstract designs Calligraphy Mosques