Functions of Major Brain Regions Pages 239-252

Cerebrum: General Functions Speech, memory, logical/emotional response Consciousness, interpretation of sensation Voluntary movement Speech

CEREBRAL FUNCTIONS by Lobes Parietal: Primary Somatic Sensory Area Left receives info from right; right receives from left Frontal: Primary Motor Area Temporal: Auditory and Olfactory senses Occipital: Visual senses

Figure 7.13c Left lateral view of the brain. Central sulcus Primary motor area Primary somatic sensory area Premotor area Anterior association area Gustatory area (taste) Working memory and judgment Speech/language (outlined by dashes) Posterior association area Problem solving Language comprehension Visual area Broca’s area (motor speech) Olfactory area Auditory area (c)

Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum Broca’s area Motor component of speaking – saying the words Usually in left hemisphere, anteriorly Anterior and posterior association areas Reasoning Social Behavior Visual recognition Speech (language component) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.13c Left lateral view of the brain. Central sulcus Primary motor area Primary somatic sensory area Premotor area Anterior association area Gustatory area (taste) Working memory and judgment Speech/language (outlined by dashes) Posterior association area Problem solving Language comprehension Visual area Broca’s area (motor speech) Olfactory area Auditory area (c)

Figure 7.12b Development and regions of the human brain. Cerebral hemisphere Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem (b) Adult brain Structures of the Diencephalon

Figure 7.16a Diencephalon and brain stem structures. Cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Third ventricle Choroid plexus of third ventricle Occipital lobe of cerebral hemisphere Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Anterior commissure Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Hypothalamus Corpora quadrigemina Optic chiasma Cerebral aqueduct Midbrain Pituitary gland Cerebral peduncle Mammillary body Fourth ventricle Pons Choroid plexus Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord (a)

Diencephalon- Thalamus Helps shape third ventricle walls the Gateway structure Relay station for sensory impulses Sends impulses to cortex for interpretation All parts of the brain communicating with the cerebral cortex MUST send signals through the thalamus © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Diencephalon- Hypothalamus Helps shape third ventricle walls Exerts control over the autonomic nervous system Regulates: body temperature, water balance/thirst, metabolism/hunger, heart rate, blood pressure Houses limbic center (emotional response) emotions and drives Regulates sleep/wake cycle timing (using optic nerve) Regulates pituitary gland Houses mammillary bodies (reflex centers for smell) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Diencephalon- Epithalamus Helps shape roof of third ventricle Houses the pineal gland produces hormone melatonin regulates sleep cycles and reproductive behaviors using commands from hypothalamus Includes the choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.16a Diencephalon and brain stem structures. Structures of the Brain Stem Cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Third ventricle Choroid plexus of third ventricle Occipital lobe of cerebral hemisphere Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Anterior commissure Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Hypothalamus Corpora quadrigemina Optic chiasma Cerebral aqueduct Midbrain Pituitary gland Cerebral peduncle Mammillary body Fourth ventricle Pons Choroid plexus Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord (a)

Brain Stem- Midbrain cerebral peduncles: two bulging fiber tracts that convey ascending and descending impulses Located anteriorly cerebral aqueduct: allows passage of CSF corpora quadrigemina: four rounded protrusions that are the visual and auditory reflex Also called superior and inferior colliculi Located posteriorly © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Brain Stem- Pons The anteriorly bulging center part of the brain stem Mostly composed of fiber tracts Includes nuclei involved in the control of respiration © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Brain Stem- Medulla oblongata Merges into the spinal cord Houses fourth ventricle Connects projection fiber tracts from the cerebrum Homeostatic control center for autonomic fxs: Heart rate control Blood pressure regulation Respiration Swallowing/Vomiting © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Brain Stem- Reticular Formation Diffuse mass of gray matter along the entire brain stem Involved in motor control of visceral (internal) organs Reticular activating system (RAS) Assists in wake/sleep cycles and consciousness sensory information filter © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cerebellum Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces Controls balance and equilibrium Provides precise timing for smooth skeletal muscle activity and coordination of body movements Balance, posture Alcohol affects coordination via the cerebellum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.16a Diencephalon and brain stem structures. The Cerebellum Cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Third ventricle Choroid plexus of third ventricle Occipital lobe of cerebral hemisphere Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Anterior commissure Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Hypothalamus Corpora quadrigemina Optic chiasma Cerebral aqueduct Midbrain Pituitary gland Cerebral peduncle Mammillary body Fourth ventricle Pons Choroid plexus Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord (a) This midsagittal section shows the gray matter outlining the arbor vitae (white)