Microscopic (Eukaryotic cells are at least 10x bigger) Unicellular Characteristics Prokaryotes Microscopic (Eukaryotic cells are at least 10x bigger) Unicellular DNA is a single circular piece of DNA (nucleoid) Metabolism Aerobic Anaerobic Facultative anaerobe http://www.breathappeal.com/causes.htm

Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission (high mutation rate) Genetic Exchange Conjugation –transfer DNA through contact Transformation – acquire DNA from dead bacteria (environment) Transduction – DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another using a virus (genetic engineering) Transposable elements Insertion sequences (only in bacteria); a single gene for transposase and flanking inverted repeats; can cause mutations Transposons “selfish DNA”; make copies of themselves which are randomly inserted into genome; some end up making partial copies of other genes as well; ½ of human genome

Structure Pilus (Pili)- allows them to adhere to surfaces Flagellum – movement Cell Wall – Made of peptidoglycan; Used in medicine to identify type of bacterium using Gram Stain (pg. 463)

Gram Stain (pg. 529) Gram -  less peptidoglycan, outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides which are often toxic and provides additional protection  more resistant to antibiotics Gram +  simple walls, large amount of peptidoglycan Many antibiotics (penicillins) inhibit synthesis of cross links in peptidoglycan and prevent formation of a functional wall

Gram Positive Organisms Aerobic, Gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Staphylococcus epidermidis (fig 1) Staphylococcus sp. (Coagulase-negative)(fig 1) Streptococcus pneumoniae (Viridans group)(fig 1, 2, 3) Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)(fig 1) Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)(fig 1, 2) Enterococcus sp.(fig 1, 2, 3 ) Aerobic, Gram-positive rods Bacillus anthracis (fig 1, 2 ) Bacillus cereus (fig 1, 2) Bifidobacterium bifidum (fig 1) Lactobacillus sp. (fig 1, 2) Listeria monocytogenes (fig 1, 2) Nocardia sp.(fig 1, 2) Rhodococcus equi (coccobacillus)(fig 1) Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (fig 1) Corynebacterium diptheriae (fig 1, 2) Propionibacterium acnes (fig 1) Anaerobic, Gram-positive rods Actinomyces sp. (fig 1, 2) Clostridium botulinum (fig 1) Clostridium difficile (fig 1) Clostridium perfringens (fig 1, 2, 3) Clostridium tetani (fig 1, 2) Anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci Peptostreptococcus sp. (fig 1)

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (fig 1) Gram Negative Organisms Aerobic, Gram-negative cocci Neisseria gonorrhoeae (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Neisseria meningitidis (fig 1; false color of the bacterium., 2) Moraxella catarrhalis (fig 1) Anaerobic, Gram-negative cocci Veillonella sp. (fig 1) Aerobic, Gram-negative rods Fastidious, Gram-negative rods Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (fig 1) Acinetobacter baumannii(fig 1 really A. calcoaceticus) Bordetella pertussis (fig 1, 2) Brucella sp. (fig 1) Campylobacter sp.(fig 1) Capnocytophaga sp.(fig 1, 2) Cardiobacterium hominis (fig 1) Eikenella corrodens (fig 1) Francisella tularensis (fig 1,) Haemophilus ducreyi (fig 1, 2) Haemophilus influenzae (fig 1, 2) Helicobacter pylori (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Kingella kingae (fig ) Legionella pneumophila (fig 1, 2, 3) Pasteurella multocida (fig 1) Enterobacteriaceae (glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods) Citrobacter sp. (fig 1) Enterobacter sp. (fig 1) Escherichia coli (fig 1, 2) Klebsiella pneumoniae (fig 1, 2) Proteus sp. (fig 1) Salmonella enteriditis (fig 1) Salmonella typhi (fig 1) Serratia marcescens (fig 1, 2) Shigella sp. (fig 1) Yersinia enterocolitica (fig 1) Yersinia pestis (fig 1, 2) Oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods Aeromonas sp. (fig 1) Plesiomonas shigelloides (fig 1) Vibrio cholerae (fig 1, 2) Vibrio parahaemolyticus (fig 1) Vibrio vulnificus (fig 1) Glucose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative rods Acinetobacter sp. (fig 1) Flavobacterium sp. (fig 1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (fig 1, 2) Burkholderia cepacia (fig 1) Burkholderia pseudomallei (fig 1) Xanthomonas maltophilia or Stenotrophomonas maltophila(fig 1) Anaerobic, Gram-negative rods Bacteroides fragilis (fig 1) Bacteroides sp. (fig 1) Prevotella sp. (fig 1) Fusobacterium sp. (fig 1, 2) Gram-negative spiral Spirillum minus (minor)- (fig 1)

Nutrition Autotrophic Heterotrophic Photosynthetic Chemoautotrophic (nitrogen fixers) Heterotrophic Decomposer Parasitic (Treponema pallidum)

Survival of the Fittest!!! Bacteria have been around for 3.5 billion years!! How???? Cell Walls Capsules (surrounds cell wall) Endospores : allow them to withstand drought, high temps., lack of food, etc. Super fast reproduction Asexual Reproduction, but can still acquire other genes Plasmids – small circular piece of DNA that can replicate on it’s own (bacteria & yeast) Inhabit every place on Earth

Classification Arrangements Shapes Strept : Chains Staph : Clusters Diplo : Pairs Shapes Coccus : Spheres Bacillus : Rods Spirillum : Spirals

Importance to Humans??? Bacteria are used to make food Pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, olives, vinegar, sourdough bread, beer, wine Bacteria can produce chemicals Acetone, Butanol Important Recyclers in environment Nitrogen cycle Bacteria can help clean up chemical spills Bacteria are used to produce medicines Insulin Bacteria cause disease Produce toxins (Clostridium botulinum) Metabolize their host (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Disease Symptoms Bacterium Trasmission Bubonic plague Fever, buboes, often fatal Yersinia pestis Bite from infected flea Cholera Severe diarrhea & vomiting; fatal Vibrio cholerae Contaminated Water Cavities Destruction of minerals in tooth Streptococcus mutans Collection of bacteria in mouth Lyme Disease Rash, pain, swelling in joints Borrelia burgdorferi Bite from infected tick Chlamydia Painful urination, discharge, abdominal pain Chlamydia trachomatis Sexual contact Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae Syphilis Chancres, fever, rash Treponema pallidum

Bacteria respond to environmental change by regulating their gene expression Repressible operons (Tryptophan) Gene expression is in “ON” position and is turned “OFF” by a molecule binding allosterically or a regulatory protein Inducible operons (Lactose) Gene expression is in “OFF” position and is turned “ON” by a molecule interacting with a regulatory protein

Internet Resources Life History and Ecology of Bacteria Bacteria CELLS alive! Table of Contents archaebacteria