Effects of Momordica charantia on insulin resistance and visceral obesity in mice on high-fat diet  Chun-Ching Shih, Cheng-Hsiu Lin, Wei-Li Lin  Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice  Volume 81, Issue 2, Pages 134-143 (August 2008) DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.04.023 Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Body weight change. Mice were fed with 45% high-fat diet (HF) or low-fat diet (CON) for 12 weeks. At 8 weeks post-HF, the HF mice were treated with vehicle (water; p.o.), or extracts of Momordica charantia, or rosiglitazone (p.o.) accompanied with HF diet for 4 weeks. All values are means±S.E. (n=9). #P<0.05, ##P<0.01, ###P<0.001 compared with the control group at the same time by ANOVA coupled with Dunnett's test. There were no significant differences in body weight changes observed after bitter melon treatment. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2008 81, 134-143DOI: (10.1016/j.diabres.2008.04.023) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Semiquantative RT-PCR analysis for leptin mRNA expression in adipose tissue. Total RNA (1μg) isolated from tissue was reverse transcripted by MMLV-RT, 10μL of RT products were used as templates for PCR. Signals were quantitated by image analysis; each value was normalized by GAPDH. All values are means±S.E. (n=9). #P<0.05 compared with the control group; ***P<0.001 compared with the high-HF (HF)+vehicle(distilled water) group. P1, P2, G1, G2, extracts of Momordica charantia. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2008 81, 134-143DOI: (10.1016/j.diabres.2008.04.023) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Semiquantative RT-PCR analysis for resistin mRNA expression in adipose tissue. Total RNA (1μg) isolated from tissue was reverse transcripted by MMLV-RT, 10μL of RT products were used as templates for PCR. Signals were quantitated by image analysis; each value was normalized by GAPDH. All values are means±S.E. (n=9). #P<0.05 compared with the control group; ***P<0.001 compared with the high-HF (HF)+vehicle (distilled water) group. P1, P2, G1, G2, extracts of Momordica charantia. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2008 81, 134-143DOI: (10.1016/j.diabres.2008.04.023) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Semiquantative RT-PCR analysis for PPARγ mRNA expression in adipose tissue. Total RNA (1μg) isolated from tissue was reverse transcripted by MMLV-RT, 10μL of RT products were used as templates for PCR. Signals were quantitated by image analysis; each value was normalized by GAPDH. All values are means±S.E. (n=9). #P<0.05 compared with the control group; **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 compared with the high-HF (HF)+vehicle (distilled water) group. P1, P2, G1, G2, extracts of Momordica charantia. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2008 81, 134-143DOI: (10.1016/j.diabres.2008.04.023) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Semiquantative RT-PCR analysis for PPARα mRNA expression in liver tissue. Total RNA (1μg) isolated from tissue was reverse transcripted by MMLV-RT, 10μL of RT products were used as templates for PCR. Signals were quantitated by image analysis; each value was normalized by GAPDH. All values are means±S.E. (n=9). ##P<0.01 compared with the control group; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 compared with the high-HF (HF)+vehicle (distilled water) group. P1, P2, G1, G2, extracts of Momordica charantia. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2008 81, 134-143DOI: (10.1016/j.diabres.2008.04.023) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions