Nonhuman Primate Behavior

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Social Behavior Members of the same species Usually live full-time in groups Can refer to predator-prey interactions.
Advertisements

Chapter 6 Primate Behavior Key Terms. Social structure The composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of animals. Social structures, in part, are the.
Survival –Getting enough to eat Types of food and metabolic needs Territories and Ranges –Avoid being eaten Predation Sociality –Types of social groups.
Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white.
Animal Interactions Responses to the biotic environment.
Patterns of Social Behavior Sociability: an important primate characteristic.
Primate Behaviors I. Two Paradigms of Study A. Socioecology B. Sociobiology C. Sociobiology Criticisms II. Important Primate Behaviors A. Dominance B.
Week 8: Primate Social Behavior. Sociality Why be social? –Social living involves costs Competition for all resources Intra-group violence (including.
Behavioral Ecology Chapter 37. Nature vs. Nurture Behavior To what degree do our genes (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) affect behavior?
Populations Chapter 8.
1 1 Social Relations. 2 2 Introduction Behavioral Ecology: Study of social relations. –Interactions control by behavior Sociobiology: –Study of social.
Chapter 7 Primate Behavior.
Behavioral Ecology Introduction Social behavior Sexual selection.
Primate Behavior & Models for Human Evolution
Chapter 50 Animal Behavior.
Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Chapter Outline Primate Field Studies The Evolution of Behavior Sympatric Species Why Be Social? Primate Social Behavior.
Social Relations Chapter 7.
Chapter 8 Primate Models For Human Variation. Chapter Outline  Human Origins and Behavior  Brain and Body Size  Language  Primate Cultural Behavior.
17.2 Evolution as Genetic Change in Populations
Animal Behavior Male Jumping Spider (Habronattus icenoglei)
Intraspecific Relationships
1 Introduction ____________________: Study of social relations. – Interactions between organisms and the environment mediated by behavior. ____________________:
Chapter 6 Primate Behavior Primate Field Studies The Evolution of Behavior Five Monkey Species in the Kebale Forest, Uganda Primate Social Groups Primate.
CHAPTER 51 BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Section D1: Social Behavior and Sociobiology 1.Sociobiology.
Chapter 6 Primate Behavior. Chapter Outline Importance of Primate Study Evolution of Behavior Nonhuman Primate Social Behavior Reproduction and Reproductive.
Lesson Overview 17.2 Evolution as Genetic Change in Populations Insect populations often contain a few individuals that are resistant to a particular pesticide.
Chapter 7, Models for Human Evolution Key Terms. encephalization The proportional size of the brain relative to some other measure, usually some estimate.
CHAPTER 7 Primate Behavior. Chapter Outline  The Evolution of Behavior  Why Be Social?  Primate Social Behavior  Reproduction and Reproductive Behaviors.
Primate Social Behavior How much like us are they? t=FL1BxWs1YRxy93HENnJUBmkw.
Human Behavior in Perspective
Section 1: How Populations Change in Size
Ecology Part 8 Animal Behavior. Ecology Part 8 Animal Behavior.
17.2 Evolution as Genetic Change in Populations
Chapter 7 Biological Diversity.
Animal Behavior.
Unit Primate Behaviour
Section 1: How Populations Change in Size
Chapter3 Living Primates.
4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Higher Biology Social Behaviour Mr G R Davidson.
1 Review Define genetic drift Relate Cause and Effect How can the founder effect lead to changes in the allele pool 2 Infer Genetic equilibrium is uncommon.
D. Diet & Teeth Generalized dentition – variety of non-specialized teeth Lack of dietary specialization Mostly omnivorous – variety of food (mostly plants/fruit)
Behavioral ecology Chapter 51.
17.2 Evolution as Genetic Change in Populations
17.2 Evolution as Genetic Change in Populations
Animal Behaviour Part II
Populations.
Natural selection favors behaviors that increase survival and reproductive success Concept 51.5 Nia Sanders.
Chapter 8 Understanding Populations
Animal Behavior.
Objectives Describe the three main properties of a population.
Behavioral Ecology Interface of behavior, ecology and evolution
DAY ONE Chapter 8 Understanding Populations
DAY ONE Chapter 8 Understanding Populations
Understanding Populations
Diversity of Life Species Gene pool.
Nonhuman Primate Behavior
Why Study Non-Human Primates?
Section 1: How Populations Change in Size
Section 1: How Populations Change in Size
Unit 1: 1.7 Evolution - Selection
Chapter 7 Primate Behavior.
What Is a Population? A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area and interbreed. A population is.
Section 1: How Populations Change in Size
DAY ONE Chapter 8 Understanding Populations
17.2 Evolution as Genetic Change in Populations
DAY ONE Chapter 8 Understanding Populations
Section 1: How Populations Change in Size
Phenomenon: The environment limits the growth of a population
Section 1: How Populations Change in Size
Presentation transcript:

Nonhuman Primate Behavior Chapter 9

Anthropocentrism Anthropocentric - Viewing nonhuman animals in terms of human motives, and experience and capabilities Emphasizing the importance of humans over everything else

What is Behavior? Anything organisms do that involves action and response to internal or external stimuli The response of an individual or group to its environment May or may not be deliberate Not necessarily the result of conscious decision making The underlying principles of behavioral evolution lie in the interactions between a number of environmental and physiological variables

Behavioral Ecology Focus on the relationship between behaviors, natural environment, and biological traits of the species Based on the assumption that animals, plants, and microorganisms evolved together Behaviors have evolved through the operation of natural selection: Some behaviors are influenced by genes and are subject to natural selection the same way physical characteristics are

The Evolution of Behavior Behavior as phenotype Behavioral phenotypes that increase fitness pass on genes at a faster rate Genes do not code for specific behaviors (aggression, cooperation, etc.) Genetics Species vary in their limits and potentials for learning and behavioral flexibility Natural selection acts on genetic factors shaped by the ecological setting of past and present

Why Be Social? Group living exposes animals to competition with other group members, so why not live alone? Costs of competition are offset by the benefits of predator defense provided by associating with others Group living evolved as an adaptive response to a number of ecological variables

Social Bonding Primate groups are usually based on relationships between females (female bonded kin groups) The types of groups that primates form include Monogamous pairs Polyandrous groups One-male groups Multi-male groups Fission-fusion groups

Why Primates Form Groups There are two main hypotheses: Resource-defense model Focus on the notion that a group of animals can better defend resources Species that rely on foods distributed in clumps tend to be more protective of resources Predation model Emphasizes the risk that primates face from predators Primates in larger groups will have a better chance to detect predators and potentially defend themselves

Resources Leaves Insects Fruits and nuts Abundant, dense, and support large groups of animals Insects Widely scattered, causing animals to feed on them alone or in small groups of two or three Fruits and nuts Occur in clumps and are most efficiently exploited by smaller groups of animals Large groups break up into smaller subunits to feed

Predation Primates are vulnerable to many predators Snakes, birds of prey, leopards, wild dogs, lions, other primates, etc. Where predation pressure is high, large communities are advantageous These may be multi-male, multi-female groups or congregations of one-male groups

Group Size Several factors determine the size of a particular primate group. These include whether the primate is: Nocturnal or diurnal Arboreal or terrestrial Type of diet Benefits in terms of energy (calories) obtained from food versus costs (energy expended) of obtaining and digesting

Other Factors that Influence Social Structure Body Size Larger animals require fewer calories and therefore consume larger amounts of lower quality foods Larger animals are better able to retain heat and their overall energy requirements are less Relationships with Non-predatory Species Many primate species associate with other primate and non-primate species for various reasons, including predator avoidance

Other Factors that Influence Social Structure (cont’d) Dispersal Members of one sex leave the group in which they were born when they become sexually mature Individuals who leave find mates outside their natal group Life Histories Developmental stages that typify members of a species and influence reproductive rates Examples: length of gestation, time between pregnancies, period of infant dependency, age of sexual maturity, and life expectancy

Dominance Dominance hierarchies – Primate organization that imposes order and establishes parameters of individual behavior Higher-ranking animals have greater access to preferred food items and mating partners than lower ranking individuals. Dominance hierarchies are sometimes called “pecking orders” Learned May change over the animal’s life Factors that influence dominance: Sex Age Aggression Time in the group Motivation Mother’s position

Aggression Intragroup Aggression Intergroup Aggression Lead to group disruption Frequently develops out of competition for resources Often resolved through submission Dominant individuals may keep subordinates from food Intergroup Aggression Home range – permanent association with a territory Core area – are within the home range which contains the highest concentration of predictable resources Where the group is most frequently found Territory - portion of the home range defended against intrusion

Primate Cultural Behavior Cultural behavior is learned Passed from generation to generation through observation and instruction Nonhuman primate infants Observe their mothers and others Learn about food items, appropriate behaviors, and how to use and modify objects

Examples of Cultural Behavior Japanese macaques and sweet potato washing Orangutan nest building Gorilla depth testing Chimpanzee termite fishing, leaf sponges, hunting “spears,” nut cracking