Cells Review

Macromolecules Proteins-amino acids Carbohydrates-sugar & starches-quick energy Lipids-3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol-long term energy Nucleic Acids-nucleotides-DNA & RNA Enzymes-proteins-organic catalyst-speeds up chemical reactions-lowers activation energy-temperature & pH denature (change shape) of enzyme-specific-”lock & key method”-puzzle pieces

Prokaryote No nucleus No membrane bound organelles Small Simple Unicelluar Circular DNA (plasmid) Ex: bacteria with flagella for movement

Eukaryote Nucleus Membrane bound organelles Large Complex Ex: plant & animal cell Plant cell-cell wall (cellulose)-large vacuole for storage-chloroplast for photosynthesis

Prokaryote & Eukaryote Ribosomes Cytoplasm Cell/plasma membrane Genetic material

Organelles Nucleus-control center “brain”; controls/directs all cellular activities; eukaryotic cells only (plant and animal) Chloroplast- site for photosynthesis (plant cells only) Mitochondria- “powerhouse” of the cell Mitochondria & chloroplast evolved from ancient prokaryotic cells (endosymbiosis theory); double membrane & own DNA Cell wall- cellulose-plant cells Plasma membrane-”gate keeper”-semi permeable-controls what goes in & out of a cell- made of lipids and proteins Ribosomes-proteins are made

Central dogma (DNA>RNA>Proteins) Cells Cell Hierarchy Cells>tissues>organs>organ systems>organisms Cells in the same organism have the same DNA, however segments are activated due to specialization which leads to gene expression Cell differentiation- specialized cell with a particular structure and function Central dogma (DNA>RNA>Proteins)

Muscle cells- contract muscles, lots of mitochondria Specialized Cells Stem cells (embryonic & adult) become specialized cells which lead to the building of tissues Nerve cell- send/receive chemical and electrical signals for communication Muscle cells- contract muscles, lots of mitochondria