Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? Religious structures – often stand out as religious shrines or places where people assemble for worship. Church- physically structure made in the image of God; attendance is considered importance in Christianity Architectural styles- 3 branches follow different styles based on availability of resources in different regions Muslim mosque- space for community assembly, not a sanctified place Central courtyard, minaret (tower), pulpit facing Makkah (direction of prayer, muezzin(summons worship from minaret) Buddhist padoga- where relics of Buddha’s body/clothing are placed Followers built them in different countries to hold relics in sacred areas where Buddha was born, reached enlightenment, and passed into Nirvana Formal worship usually takes place outside a padoga at an adjacent temple, monastery, or in the home of a Buddhist A pilgramage is a religious journey

FIGURE 6-23 BUDDHIST PAGODA, SARNATH, INDIA The Dhamek pagoda, in Deer Park, Sarnath, was built in the third century B.C., and is probably the oldest surviving Buddhist structure in the world.

FIGURE 6-26 HOLY PLACES IN BUDDHISM Most are clustered in northeastern India and southern Nepal because they were the locations of important events in Buddha’s life.

FIGURE 6-29 MASJID AL-HARAM, MAKKAH, SAUDI ARABIA The black cube-like Ka’ba at the center of Masjid al-Haram (Great Mosque) in Makkah is Islam’s holiest object.

Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? 10. Holy places: - Islamic - cities associated with Prophet Muhammad. Holiest City is Makkah (Mecca), birthplace of Muhammad. Healthy Muslims with adequate financial resources are expected to go on a pilgrimage, called a hajj, to this city. Second-most-holy place is Madinah (Medina). Muhammad’s tomb is in Madinah. Buddhist – 8 holy places – shrines- based on important events in Buddha’s life. Hindu- closely tied to physical geography of India Mt. Kailas is holy because it is home to Siva. Holiest places are riverbanks and coastlines. Hindus believe that they achieve purification by bathing in holy rivers—e.g., Ganges River 11. There is no room for congregational worship in Hindu temples. 12. Hindu temples - Dimly lit room; symbolic artifact of a god; structure/bath for the caretaker The Ka’ba, thought to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael, contains a black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as a sign of the covenant with Ishmael and the Muslim people.

Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? 13. Cosmogony: religious beliefs concerning origin of the universe Confucianism and Taoism- yin(earth, darkness, death) and yang(heaven, light, life) balance the two forces that make up the universe; constant state of change creates chaos and disorder Christianity and Islam- consider that God created the universe; however, Christians(Catholics) believe Earth was given to the people to complete its creation, while Muslim believe that Earth is God’s only and that they are only representative of Him and are not partners with Him Pagans- use the solstice as a major holiday honoring the Sun (solstice) 14. Solstice- major holidays of some ethnic religions- Winter- Dec 21-22 and Summer June 21-22 – based on the Sun’s location before reversing direction during seasons; Stonehenge- remnant of a pagan structure aligned so that sun rises between two stones on solstices The Ka’ba, thought to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael, contains a black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as a sign of the covenant with Ishmael and the Muslim people.

Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? 15. Christian burial: catacombs(underground passages) used to bury when the religion was illegal Yards around the church were used until overcrowding occurred Cemeteries created outside the city walls 16. Ethnic burials Hindu- cremation after washing body in Ganges river Parsis- exposed the dead to birds and animals Micronesia- disposal at sea 17. Religious settlements: Utopian- ideal community built around a religious way of life Salt Lake City, Utah- built by Mormons based on a plan by prophet Joseph Smith Puritans- English settlers in North America in clustered settlements with a church at its center- this was different than most settlers of the time The Ka’ba, thought to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael, contains a black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as a sign of the covenant with Ishmael and the Muslim people.

FIGURE 6-34 HINDU CREMATION Family members cover a body with wood for cremation, Agra, India.

Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? 18. Religious Calendars: Ethnic – based on physical geography of homeland- celebration of seasons, which helped farmers Universalizing- related to events in life of the founder rather than changing seasons--Ramadan (Islam): part of five pillars of faith; Easter (Christian): resurrection of Jesus 19. Jewish Calendar- major holiday based on events in the agricultural calendar of homeland of Israel 20. Lunar calendar of Muslims and Jews: Jewish calendar inserts an extra month every few years to match the agricultural and solar calendars; Islam retains a strict 30 years cycle of 19 years of 354 and 11 years of 355 21. Easter- celebrated on the first full moon after spring equinox 22. Southern Europe celebrates Easter in the fall at harvest time; Northern Europe and North America celebrate in spring The Ka’ba, thought to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael, contains a black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as a sign of the covenant with Ishmael and the Muslim people.

Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? 23. Japanese Buddhists celebrate Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and death on 3 separate days; Theravadists observe all 3 events on the same day 24. Hierarchical religion: geographic territory is organized into local administrative units 25. Roman Catholic hierarchy: Pope – diocese of Rome Archbishops- report to the Pope; head a province of several dioceses, while being the bishop of one diocese; some may be promoted to a cardinal Bishop- report to Archbishop; heads a diocese, which is a geographical area of many churches Priests- report to bishops; heads a parish, which is part of a diocese 26. Latin American parishes are larger in areas because of a low population density 27. Autonomous religion: self-sufficient, or small amount of communication with other communities Ex: Islam and some Protestant denominations The Ka’ba, thought to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael, contains a black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as a sign of the covenant with Ishmael and the Muslim people.

FIGURE 6-40 ROMAN CATHOLIC HIERARCHY IN THE UNITED STATES The Roman Catholic Church divides the United States into provinces, each headed by an archbishop. Provinces are subdivided into dioceses, each headed by a bishop. The archbishop of a province also serves as the bishop of a diocese. Dioceses that are headed by archbishops are called archdioceses.

Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? 28. Formal organization in Islam- no religious hierarchy or geographical organization; locally governments in Islamic countries work with those who manage Islamic institutions 29. Islam is held together by communication and migration (hajj), as well as the doctrines which include strict demands on followers 30. Autonomous Baptists and United Church of Christ ; Presbyterian is mildly autonomous; Judaism and Hinduism Hierarchical Episcopalian, Lutheran, and Methodist The Ka’ba, thought to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael, contains a black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as a sign of the covenant with Ishmael and the Muslim people.

Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among Religious Groups? Taliban in Afghanistan: Taliban – means “religious students” took control of Afghanistan in 1996. They believed that Allah had called them to purify the country by getting rid of sin and violence. Western non-Islamic activities were banned – music, kites, tv, and internet Soccer stadiums converted to execution and torture centers Men beaten for shaving and women stoned to death for adultery Homosexuals were buried alive; thieves had hands cut off; women with nail polish had fingers cut off 2. Hinduism vs. Western ideas: Their caste system involves neglecting the health, safety, finances, and education because they are considered “untouchables” 3. British leaders and Christian missionaries 4. The Indian government created a plan to allow untouchables more access to universities. Many do not support this plan. The Ka’ba, thought to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael, contains a black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as a sign of the covenant with Ishmael and the Muslim people.

Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among Religious Groups? 5. Russia/Soviet Union vs. Eastern Orthodox Church Czar Peter the Great – Made Russian Orthodox church part of the government and replaced the church’s leader with government officials Communism: Karl Marx introduced – Marxism, which was an anti-religious program, which claimed religion was a threat to society; the Orthodox church was only able to maintain elderly members because most ended contact with the church 6. Since the fall of Communism in the 1990s… Historic Catholic Regions – Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia are currently reviving Roman Catholicism Historic Muslim Regions- Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan are newly independent and struggle to rewrite laws that conform to Islamic customs 7. Vietnam War’s impact on Buddhism in SE Asia: U.S. air raids destroyed shrines and the Vietnamese vandalized sacred artifacts; Buddhists burned themselves in protest 8. Communism’s impact on Buddhism in SE Asia: current governments discourage religion and allow monuments to decay The Ka’ba, thought to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael, contains a black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as a sign of the covenant with Ishmael and the Muslim people.

Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among Religious Groups? 9. Fundamentalism- literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion 10-11. Roman Catholics and Protestants are in conflict in Ireland Roman Catholics live in the Republic of Ireland, which is in the southern and largest part of the island; Protestants live in Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. Catholics living in the northern region are discriminated against. The two sides are in disagreement on joining the U.K. as opposed to being independent 12. Jews, Christians, and Muslims have fought nearly 2,000 years to control the same small strip of Land in the Eastern Mediterranean. Judaism: special claim to the territory it calls the Promised Land where major events in the development in the religion occurred. Islam: Muslim army conquered this land in seventh century A.D. Jerusalem is the third holiest city to Muslims, because it is believed to be where Muhammad ascended into heaven. Christianity: considers it the Holy Land and Jerusalem the Holy City, because the major events in Jesus’s life, death, and resurrection occurred there. The Ka’ba, thought to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael, contains a black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as a sign of the covenant with Ishmael and the Muslim people.

FIGURE 6-47 DISTRIBUTION OF CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS IN IRELAND, 1911 Long a colony of England, Ireland became a self-governing dominion within the British Empire in 1921. In 1937, it became a completely independent country, but 26 districts in the north of Ireland chose to remain part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland today is 87 percent Roman Catholic, whereas Northern Ireland has a Protestant majority. The boundary between Roman Catholics and Protestants does not coincide precisely with the international border, so Northern Ireland includes some communities that are predominantly Roman Catholic. This is the root of a religious conflict that continues today.

Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among Religious Groups? 13. The Christians fought the Muslims in holy wars called, Crusades for 150 years (1099-1244). Jerusalem was captured, lost, captured, and in the end lost. Quiz Review Questions: Name the 3 branches of Christianity. Name the 3 largest universal religions and 3 ethnic religions. How is a mosque different from a church? What is the purpose of a padoga? Give an example of a pilgramage. What is cosmogony and how have religions incorporated this idea? Give 2 examples. Describe the burial practices of 2-3 religions. What is a Utopian Settlement? Explain one. Contrast an ethinc religion’s calendar to a universal religion’s calendar. List the Roman Catholic hierarchy leaders. What is the difference between an autonomous religion and a hierarchical religion? The Ka’ba, thought to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael, contains a black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as a sign of the covenant with Ishmael and the Muslim people.