European Renaissance and Reformation Chapter 17 Review European Renaissance and Reformation

17.4 The Reformation Continues Other forms of Protestantism are developing throughout Europe. Switzerland – another branch of Protestantism emerges – John Calvin

17.4 The Reformation Continues Switzerland Huldrych Zwingli Catholic priest in Zurich Christian humanism and Lutheran reforms Return to more personal faith of early Christianity Believers should have control over church Reforms adopted in Zurich Killed during war between Swiss Protestants and Catholics

17.4 The Reformation Continues Switzerland (continued) John Calvin “Calvinism” Institutes of the Christian Religion – ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. Protestant theology (religious beliefs). Men and women sinful by nature God chooses few people to be saved “elect”. Predestination – God knows who will be saved

17.4 The Reformation Continues Switzerland (continued) John Calvin “Calvinism” Ideal government – theocracy – controlled by religious leaders. Geneva was a model city of high moral citizens John Knox (Scotland) Studied Calvin and implemented his ideas in Scotland Presbyterians Deposed Catholic ruler (Mary Queen gone, her son, James takes control) Protestant churches today trace their roots to Calvin’s strict teachings

17.4 The Reformation Continues France Huguenots – Calvin’s followers Tension between Catholics led to violence Catholic feast of St. Bartholomew’s Day started with murder/massacre of Protestants – lasted 6 months.

17.4 The Reformation Continues Anabaptists (baptize again) Baptized only those persons who are old enough to decide to be a Christian Children should be re-baptized as adults Separation of church and state Refused to fight in war Shared possessions Catholics and Protestants persecuted them Influenced Quakers and Baptists

17.4 The Reformation Continues Women Marguerite of Navarre protected Calvin from execution. Katherina Zell scolded a minister for speaking harshly of a reformer. Katherina von Bora was Luther’s wife. Helped those in need and sought an equal role in marriage

17.4 The Reformation Continues Catholic Reformation Self reform Ignatius of Loyola (Spain) Injured in war Daily devotions cleansed his soul Spiritual Exercises – meditation, prayer and study Jesuits Founded schools Convert non Christians to Catholicism Stop the spread of Protestantism

17.4 The Reformation Continues Catholic Reformation Paul III Directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and abuses Approved the Jesuit order Used Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory Council of Church leaders met in Trent (N Italy)

17.4 The Reformation Continues Catholic Reformation Council of Trent (Bishops and Cardinals) Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final – self interpretation is heresy Faith and good works for salvation – not faith alone Bible and Church equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life Indulgences valid expressions of faith but selling them was banned.

17.4 The Reformation Continues Legacy Ended Christian unity in Europe and created a cultural divide Protestant churches flourished Roman Catholic Church unified Education important Parish schools and colleges founded throughout Europe

17.4 The Reformation Continues Legacy (continued) No change for women – limited to home and family. Individual monarchs and states gain power. Nation states developed. War, exploration, and expansion (to increase power)