First Name / Last Name, Department or Organization Information Here Your Title Here Year First Name / Last Name, Department or Organization Information Here Abstract Cross Tabulation Possible Disadvantages of Solo Entry Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed a odio nisl. Mauris molestie, nunc quis blandit molestie, ex magna vestibulum purus, sed elementum nisl enim non tellus. Sed cursus porta mi vitae sodales. Ut sit amet semper mauris. Proin nec tellus quis metus imperdiet iaculis. Duis nec pharetra eros. Mauris placerat bibendum nisi, tincidunt lobortis augue malesuada quis. Vivamus sagittis ac lacus rhoncus pulvinar. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nullam id lobortis turpis. Donec at augue vel elit congue pretium sit amet non nulla. Etiam ut ex dignissim, ornare est cursus, lacinia enim. Phasellus urna tortor, convallis sed lacus quis, dapibus maximus nunc. Maecenas pharetra et augue varius gravida. Morbi id dignissim nisi, sit amet mattis enim. Sed turpis nibh, tempus eu fermentum posuere, eleifend non elit.Praesent dui ipsum, convallis a bibendum quis, porttitor et ligula. Morbi rhoncus non risus vitae vestibulum. Vivamus consectetur, velit ac tristique facilisis, lectus est aliquet orci, in feugiat turpis mauris ut arcu. Nulla sagittis mi ut magna aliquam accumsan. Vestibulum sit amet tortor vitae felis facilisis suscipit vitae porta ante. Sed rutrum fermentum tempus. Sed vitae auctor arcu, porta rutrum purus. Integer ornare maximus erat. Fusce et ligula massa. Curabitur lacinia tincidunt lorem a. The solo officer has limited firepower The solo officer has to cover more fields of fire The solo officer lacks the physical and psychological support of a team Recent Attempts to Catalog Events  Secret Service, FBI, & DOE (2010) Focused on violence at Institutes of Higher Education Included all types of violence not just shootings Limited to schools…did not include other locations (Drysdale et al., 2010) NYPD (2011) Did include all locations in analysis instead of just schools. Used weak criteria to include events in study. Active/Relevant Event Criteria An active shooter event involves one or more persons engaged in killing or attempting to kill multiple people in an area occupied by multiple unrelated individuals. At least one of the victims must be unrelated to the shooter The shooting must not be a by-product of an attempt to commit another crime. Even though gang-related shootings match the definition, they are excluded because law enforcement does not consider these an active shooter event. Domestic murders are not included, unless the shooter was in public and continued shooting unrelated individuals (Blair, 2011) Descriptive Analysis Sample & Measures Selection of Events (n=120) Lexis-Nexis was utilized as the primary search engine Search terms included: school shooting, office shooting, mall shooting, and so on. Terms were coupled with month and year to be more thorough (e.g., office shooting January 2000, office shooting February 2000, etc.). Variables Relationship between shooter and victims. Coded as employee, student, or no relation. How the shooter was stopped. Coded as subdued, shot by police/citizen, arrested later, surrendered, or suicide. Location of Event. Coded as public, factory/warehouse, school, office, retail, military base, or church. Mobility. Coded as either mobile or non-mobile. Weaponry. Broken down by the most powerful weapon used: pistol, rifle, shotgun, or unknown. Explosives. Coded as either present or not present. Body armor. Coded as either present or not present. Notable Events Listed August 1, 1966 – A shooter opened fire from the 27th floor of the University of Texas Bell Tower. The shooter killed 16 and wounded 31 in approximately an hour and a half. October 16, 1991 – A shooter drove through a window at a Luby’s cafeteria in Killeen, TX. The shooter killed 23 and wounded 27 before three police officers stopped him 10 minutes later. April 20, 1999 – Two high-school seniors executed a well-planned attack on Columbine High School. The shooters killed 13, injured 21, and committed suicide in 47 minutes. April 16, 2007 – A senior at Virginia Tech University chained the doors of Norris Hall and systematically killed 32 and wounded 17 over the course of 10 minutes before committing suicide. July 22, 2011 – A shooter attacked a youth camp located on an island in Norway. The shooter killed 69 on the island over the course of about 45 minutes before being stopped by law enforcement. Active Shooter Events are not isolated to specific locations Age distribution is bimodal Key Findings Ninety-four percent (n=113) of shooters are male A single shooter is responsible for 97.5 (n=117) percent of events The shooter is non-mobile in 85 (n=102) percent of event There is no relationship between shooter and victims in 53 percent (n=64) of events Sixteen of the 44 (36 percent) school shooters were orchestrated by adults (i.e., >25 years of age) Evolution of Law Enforcement Tactics Law enforcement officers intervene in only 27 percent of the events. If “Suicide After Police” is included as an intervention the total is 39 percent. Thirty-seven percent of the time suicide is the outcome Prior to The University of Texas Shooting of 1966 – Law enforcement was without tactical units and training to handle such events. After this, and other national events, law enforcement developed SWAT teams. Now, law enforcement would set a perimeter and wait on SWAT to stop an event. After the Columbine Shooting of 1999 – Law enforcement no longer sets a perimeter and waits on SWAT. Now, patrol officers are trained to form a response team, enter the event, and eliminate the threat without waiting on SWAT. Presently – The law enforcement community is evaluating if training officers to enter events solo is advantageous over forming a response team. References Future Research Official police reports need to be examined to remove the unknown variables. Solo vs. Active Shooter Team needs to be examined further Medical response during events needs to be examined