Possible final questions: Edwin Chadwick/John Snow/Joseph Bazzelgette was the most important person in the development of public health in the nineteenth century. Do you agree? There was opposition to public health reforms because people did not understand that filthy conditions and dirty water helped spread disease. Do you agree? In 1831 people had very little understanding of the causes of cholera. Do you agree? People had begun to make the link between dirty water and disease before John Snow. Do you agree? There was opposition to public health reforms because people did not care. Do you agree? Attitudes towards public health reforms did not change between 1830 and 1911. Do you agree? There was no attempt to reform public health until the work of Pasteur. Do you agree? Laissez-Faire was the main hindrance to public health reform between 1830 and 1911. Do you agree? The national government made important improvements in public health between 1800 and 1914. Do you agree? The main opposition to public health reform was due to lack of understanding of need. Do you agree? The main opposition to public health reform was due to an unwillingness to fund it. Do you agree? There was no attempt to deal with Cholera between 1830 and 1870. Do you agree? Liberal Reforms were a total change in the way that the government helped the poor. Do you agree? The national government did not attempt to deal with public health until the Liberal Reforms. Do you agree?

There was no attempt to reform public health until the work of Pasteur There was no attempt to reform public health until the work of Pasteur. Do you agree?

Laissez-Faire was the main hindrance to public health reform between 1830 and 1911. Do you agree?

Attitudes towards public health reforms did not change between 1830 and 1911. Do you agree?

There was opposition to public health reforms because people did not care. Do you agree?

c. 1850

John Bull is a national personification of the United Kingdom in general and England in particular, especially in political cartoons and similar graphic works

I am in better health, avoiding all fermented liquors, and drinking nothing but London water, with a million insects in every drop. He who drinks a tumbler of London water has literally in his stomach more animated beings than there are men, women and children on the face of the globe ... Letter from Sydney Smith to Lady Grey, A Memoir by His Daughter, Lady Holland, 1834

Above line: Just enough to survive Below line: Not enough money for shelter, clothing or food

Are you surprised that this source was published in 1831? A cartoon published in 1831. It shows where the Southwark Water Company in London got its water from.

What can you learn from this source about public health problems during Chadwick’s time? A drawing of London made in the 1840s

Why was this produced in 1858? A cartoon published in the Times newspaper 18 June 1858

Study Source D Are you surprised that sewers and water pipes were being built in the late 1860s? Use the source and your knowledge to explain your answer. Source D : A Cross-section of the newly-built Embankment in London at the end of the 1860s. It shows pipes for water and gas(1), the sewer (2), and the underground railway (3)

There is nothing a man so hates as being cleansed against his will, or having his floors swept, his walls whitewashed, his pet dung heaps cleared away. It is a positive fact that many have died from a good washing. All this shows the extreme tenderness with which the work of purification should advance. We prefer to take our chance of cholera than be bullied into health. The Times, 1854 How useful is this source to an historian studying the 1848 Public Health Act