Chapter 9 - The Islamic World Section 3: Society and Culture Muslims who spread Islamic civilization throughout the world erected glorious mosques and other buildings

Section 3: Society and Culture Main Idea For the first Muslims, Islam was more than a religion. It was a guide to political, social and cultural life. Early Muslims responded with spectacular achievement in many fields. Objectives What were some key features of Muslim society? What were some of the accomplishments of Muslim scholarship? What were some of the contributions to the arts made by Muslim artists?

I. Muslim Society The Muslim Empire was divided into three caliphates: Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba

I. Muslim Society Islam affected almost all aspects of daily life and provided guidance on many issues The Crescent and Star Allah

I. Muslim Society The Qur’an instructed how society should be organized, how people should live

I. Muslim Society Family was the core of Muslim daily life; family members had specific roles and duties

I. Muslim Society The Qur’an restricted men to four wives; required to treat all wives equally

I. Muslim Society Rights of women & children protected; women equal to men before Allah in the Qur’an

I. Muslim Society Women lost status during Abbasid dynasty – covered hair and wore veils in public

A slave market in Zabid, Yemen, depicted in a painting from 1237 I. Muslim Society Slavery was common in Arabia, but the Qur’an urged Muslims to free their slaves A slave market in Zabid, Yemen, depicted in a painting from 1237

I. Muslim Society Islamic Empire was at center of trade network linking Europe, Asia, and Africa

I. Muslim Society Empire produced quality goods and grew wealthy from trade Persian Carpet Damascus Steel

The Madrasah (Islamic School) II. Muslim Scholarship Government supported schools & libraries – advanced students could attend schools of science, math, or law The Madrasah (Islamic School)

II. Muslim Scholarship Arabs adopted the best ideas, customs, and institutions from cultures they encountered MUSLIM SCIENTISTS 1) Ibn an Nafis 2) Thabit ibn Qurra 3) Ibn Sina 4) Al-Kindi 5) Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 6) Muhammad Zakariya al-Razi 7) Ali Kushji 8) Al-Battani

II. Muslim Scholarship Medical contributions include surgical procedures and instruments, disease diagnosis, drugs, and hygiene

II. Muslim Scholarship Al-Razı compiled a medical encyclopedia; was translated into Latin and used in Europe

II. Muslim Scholarship Doctor/scholar Ibn Sına wrote the Canon of Medicine Ibn Sīnā, aka Avicenna (c. 980 - 1037) was a Persian and the foremost physician and philosopher of his time. He was also an astronomer, chemist, geologist, Hafiz (someone who has completely memorized the Qur'an), Islamic psychologist, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, paleontologist, mathematician, Maktab teacher (taught children in reading, writing, grammar and Islamic subjects), physicist, poet, and scientist.

II. Muslim Scholarship Astronomers developed way to accurately measure distance, created better maps, and improved Greek astrolabe

II. Muslim Scholarship Al-Idrısı sent people to other lands to record geographic features; used information for his maps Tabula Rogeriana ("The map of Roger") drawn by Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi in 1154. The map is actually oriented with the North at the bottom. It remained the most accurate world map for the next three centuries.

The upside-down view of the Kitab Rudjdjar ("The book of Roger" in Arabic) drawn by Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abdallah Ibn Idris al-Qurtubi al-Hasani

Al-Khwarizmi (c. 780 – 850) wrote about al-jabr II. Muslim Scholarship Arabic number system expressed all numbers using only 10 figures; also developed algebra Al-Khwarizmi (c. 780 – 850) wrote about al-jabr

III. Arts and Literature Islam forbids using images showing Allah; artists also avoided showing human or animal forms

III. Arts and Literature Artists created geometric and floral designs (arabesque); calligraphy became the highest art form

III. Arts and Literature Architects built elaborate mosques, palaces, marketplaces, and libraries The Great Mosque of Cordoba

III. Arts and Literature Authors produced poetry and literature, such as The Thousand and One Nights Persian queen Scheherazade reading to Shahryār (the Great King)