Chapter 23: The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West

Age of Revolution (1770’s to 1848) #1 Three forces were working to shatter Europe’s relative calm by the mid-18th century: Cultural forces Economic forces Social forces

Cultural forces Enlightenment thinkers had called for full religious freedom, an end to aristocratic privileges, and widespread popular voice in government. Thinkers like Rousseau called for government based on general will (democracy), and Voltaire called for the separation of the powerful church from the state, thereby giving more power to the people.

Economic Changes There was a call for an end to aristocratic privileges (taxes) as industry grew. Business owners viewed themselves as the “new” aristocracy, because they provided more wealth than the landowners. This helped fuel revolutionary ideas. France’s Parliamentary Representation

Social Changes Western Europe experienced a huge population jump after 1730 known as the population revolution. Several factors contributed to this boom including improved nutrition from the potato and reduced child mortality rates. This growing population joined the working classes of Europe and placed economic pressure on nations, sparking popular protests and calls for change.

Social Changes cont’d This population had dramatic impacts. The growing number of middle and lower class led to demands for change.

More Revolutions To go along with population and industrial revolutions of the time period, you had revolutions fought for freedom and rights in America and France. Both were largely influenced by Enlightenment ideas and ended up with significant and parallel documents stating their rights. (Declaration of Independence and Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen)

Both Revolutions were fought to end monarchial oppression. Louis XVI of France King George III of Britain

The Guillotine The guillotine was originally created by a French physician as a more humane form of execution. It came to symbolize the terror and bloodshed of France’s revolution.

Key Figures of the French Revolution Maximilien Robespierre (Reign of Terror) Napoleon Bonaparte (Emperor)

Nationalism in France #3 “Can you hear the people sing?” In France, an unprecedented growth in national pride, a.k.a. nationalism, began to take place during the revolution. People felt enormous pride in helping create a “new” France that represented a majority of its citizens. This loyalty overshadowed church or regional pride.

Nationalism Elsewhere (#4) Prussian Flag Napoleon’s campaigns spread nationalistic and revolutionary ideas outside of France to other European nations. As his armies conquered other European lands, the populations of those regions saw the need to unify their efforts behind a common cause and culture.

Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)

Congress of Vienna #5 After Napoleon’s defeat, a meeting of European powers was called. They met to establish a peace settlement that would make further revolutions in Europe impossible. They made several key changes including: 1) Surrounding France with strong powers to prevent their growth. 2) Also restored many European monarchs to the throne.

Political Classes Emerge #6 & 7 As a result of the Congress of Vienna, several new political classes emerged. A) Conservatives: They were against revolutionary goals and favored little to no change whatsoever. B) Liberals: Touted some important changes like freedoms (religion, press, and assembly), economic and social changes. C) Radicals: Wanted widespread changes such as democracy or socialism (both radical at that time)

Left-wing or right-wing??

Industrialization begins Simultaneous to all of these political changes in the late 1700s was a wave of new inventions that dramatically shaped western society. Initially, these mechanized inventions were meant to only increase production of manufatured goods, which they did tremendously. However, with human labor being replaced by machines, there were impacts on wages along with political representation, family life, and entertainment.

Industrial changes and government services #8 Transportation improved as railroads and canals improved infrastructure. Industry and urban growth skyrocketed. For the first time in human history, more people lived in cities than rural areas. Governments provided more services for their citizens such as sanitation departments (Louis Pastuer), parks, museums, housing, and police forces.

Science leads to reform Louis Pasteur and the germ theory New York Sanitation Department

Industrial Revolution #9 By the 1830’s, industrialization had spread throughout Europe (and America) and added to social pressures. It led to discontent among factory workers over wages, hours, and work conditions. Corporations arose encouraging more and more stockholders to invest large amounts of money in the company. These stockholders demanded profit at all costs. ----- Meeting Notes (2/23/16 11:39) ----- START AT CHAPTER 11

Industrialization and Capitalism The growth of businesses and jobs as a result of industrialization was staggering. Economies grew at an unprecedented rate and factories began popping up in all the major cities of Europe. Governments usually took a “hands-off” approach to regulating businesses. This capatilist approach meant more revenue for business owners and more taxes for the government. This is another reason why worker’s had few rights. Government and businesses were on the same team and workers were usually neglected.

Labor Unions #9 Since profit was the primary goal during the early years of industry, worker’s rights were frequently neglected. Labor unions began to emerge fighting for improve conditions and higher pay.

Opponents of capitalism (#12) Naturally, the stress and demand placed on workers combined with the overbearing drive of owners and stockholders led to problems. Many began to speak out against the evils of industrialization and the capitalist system it thrived on. Chief among those individuals was German economist, Karl Marx. Karl Marx

Marxism #12 Marx believed that human history was shaped by who controlled resources and means of production. Those who held the economic and political power within society used it to take advantage of those without wealth-producing property (the proletariat). Therefore, Marx organized society into two classes: 1) the “haves” 2) the “have-nots”

Marxism #12 Marx believed that these classes would always struggle against one another and that when the proletariat grew large enough or bold enough, they would rise up against the upper classes. After overthrowing the elite classes, the proletariat would create a society where everyone labored equally and wealth was shared evenly. As a result, classes would disappear and a utopian community emerged. All of these beliefs were compiled in the revolutionary work, The Communist Manifesto, written by Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Marxism Cont’d

Industrialization in Europe (1850)

Prussian growth through industry As industrialization spread into the European continent, no region was more affected than Prussia. Like Britain, Prussia (the largest of several German states) had large reserves of coal and iron along with numerous rivers for power sources. In 1818, the Prussian Tariff was passed. It removed trade barriers and taxes between German states and encouraged greater domestic exchange and infrastructure growth. As a result, Prussia (soon to be the unified nation of Germany) surpassed Britain as the most industrialized nation in Europe.

Prussia under Bismark (#10) While Prussia industrialized at a rapid pace, a new leader emerged in the person of Otto von Bismark. Bismarck was a prime example of a nationalistic ruler who used industrial growth to strengthen Prussia economically and militarily. He was a skilled politician who understood the changing tides of society. He saw the growing power of the middle and lower classes and catered to their interests to win popular support. For example, he extended voting rights to all men and allowed far more rights for the Prussian press. He promoted mass education and ironically, granted religious freedom and business opportunities to Jews. All of these changes were geared toward unifying Prussians under an intense German identity and nationalistic sentiment.

Bismark, The Blood and Iron Chancellor (#10) Most of all, he saw military success as a vital means of creating national pride. He was known as the “blood and iron” chancellor for his commitment to warfare and industrial growth. During his reign, he waged war on Denmark, Austria, and France to increase Prussian territory and in 1871 all Prussian provinces were unified into the new nation of Germany. Bismarck is the creator of a political style of rule known as realpolitik (German for “realistic” or “practical” politics), where a country’s decisions are based on its current situation and needs rather than what is morally or ideologically right or wrong.

European Alliances (#15) Military aggression and nationalism fed into the rivalry between key European nation-states. Nationalism had been building since the late 1700’s. The aggression of France in the Napoleonic Wars and Germany under Bismark led to military build-up throughout the continent. To protect from this nationalistic and military fervor, nations began forming alliances for mutual protection. By 1904, two major alliances had been formed, but the buildup of these systems began much earlier in the 1800’s. European nations thought that if they allied with one another, no one would want to fight. BIG MISTAKE! The nationalism, militarism, and alliance systems proved to be a perfect recipe for the outbreak of war.

Alliances begin to form The military aggression of France and Prussia helped create these arrangements. In 1871, Prussia invaded France in what was known as the Franco-Prussian War. Prussia took the key eastern French region of Alsace-Lorraine. Once the war ended, Germany wanted protection in case the French sought revenge. So, they created an alliance in 1882 with Austria-Hungary (who had longstanding tensions with the French) and Italy (who were angry that France interfered in their attempts to expand into North Africa). France wanted to ensure that Germany would not attack again so they allied with Russia to surround the new German nation. Britain joined in 1904 due to their growing fear of German industrial and naval might. The Triple Entente was complete.

European Alliances (#15) Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia) Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)

Balkan nationalism (#16) As the Ottoman Empire weakened, small Balkan nations won their independence. With the Ottomans fading, European powers like Austria-Hungary and Russia looked to control more of the Balkan population. The problem with this was that these Balkan nations were fiercely hostile toward outside interference due to competing territorial claims, religious differences, and ethnic diversity. The situation was so volatile that the Balkans came to be known as “the powder keg of Europe”.

Increased Government Functions #11 In the 1800’s, governments began to expand and take on new functions and roles in order to appeal to a growing voting block of citizens. Western governments began instituting civil service exams to ensure competency amongst government officials. (Only about a 1,000 years behind China). Compulsory education was created in most western states, in some cases all the way through high school. Schools increased literacy and also taught nationalistic superiority. Civil service agencies like fire departments, police departments, housing departments, and sanitation departments were created as well.

Feminist Movements #13 Other powerful movements of the time period were in the area of female rights. The main reason for this growing appeal was the economic role women played through industrialization. Because they were vital to their country’s economic success, they believed they should be rewarded for their work. Women fought for equal job opportunities, higher education, and the right to vote.

The Emergence of Mass Leisure Culture (p.527) #14