Introduction to Postmodernism

Why Reality Isn’t What It Used to Be

Deconstructing Mrs. Miller

Questions 1. What is postmodernism? 2. Why should we care about it? 3. Have you received a modern or postmodern education? 4. What does postmodernism have to say about your identity? 5. What does postmodernism have to say about truth, beauty, and goodness? 6. How postmodernism is impacting K-12 education, religion, the arts, and our daily lives.

Evolution of Western Thought as Timeline Evolution of Western Thought Naturalistic Theocentric Economic Humanistic YOU CAN LOOK AT THE ENTIRE HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION INTO FOUR ERAS THEOCENTRIC--Hamlet tells us "There is a Divinity that shapes our ends...” Western art. HUMANISTIC--"Man is the measure of all things." We chart our own destiny. NATURALISTIC--We are shaped by our environment, for the good or bad. Darwinian influence of survival of the fittest. ECONOMIC--Social power lies in money and weath. As Marx said, history is the story of class struggles in which the 'have-nots' struggle to dispossess the 'haves' who naturally will fight to keep what they own. Those who have economic power control cultures, language and shape us as consumers. TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING

TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING Timeline Modernity RENAISSANCE TO ABOUT 1900 (+/- 30 years) Baudrillard: Early modernity: Renaissance to Industrial Revolution Modernity: Industrial Revolution Postmodernity: Period of mass media The world according to white Anglo-Saxon males from Europe “Modernity" is older than "modernism;" the label "modern," first articulated in nineteenth-century sociology, was meant to distinguish the present era from the previous one, which was labeled "antiquity." Scholars are always debating when exactly the "modern" period began, and how to distinguish between what is modern and what is not modern; it seems like the modern period starts earlier and earlier every time historians look at it. But generally, the "modern" era is associated with the European Enlightenment, which begins roughly in the middle of the eighteenth century. (Other historians trace elements of enlightenment thought back to the Renaissance or earlier, and one could argue that Enlightenment thinking begins with the eighteenth century. BAUDRILLARD TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING

TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING Timeline Your Place in History 14th C 1900 2000 Modern Modernism Postmodernism ACTUALLY, WHEN TALKING ABOUT THE HISTORY OF WESTERN INTELLECTUALISM AND ART, YOU NEED TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN three ERAs: MODERN MODERNISM OR MODERNIST POSTMODERN You are in the midst of this revolution WHERE MOD AND POMO BEGINS AND ENDS IS FUZZY You are here TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING

TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING Timeline Your Place in History as 14th C 1900 2000 Modern Modernism Postmodernism A lot of people ARE LIVING AND FUNCTIONALLY PERFECTLY WELL IN THE POSTMODERN WORLD AND THEY ARE COMPLETELY UNAWARE OF THE FACT WE DID NOT STUDY ANY OF THIS IN 1970S TEACHERS EDUCATED AS MODERNISTS UNAWARE WE ARE IN THE MIDDLE YOUR GENERATION CLEARLY IS Your teachers were / are here TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING

TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING Newtonian Order Modernity God, reason and progress There was a center to the universe. Progress is based upon knowledge, and man is capable of discerning objective absolute truths in science and the arts. Modernism is linked to capitalism—progressive economic administration of world Modernization of 3rd world countries (imposition of modern Western values) TO UNDERSTAND POSTMODERNISM, FIRST NEED TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IS MEANT MY MODERNITY AND MODERNISM WHAT IS MODERNITY? BASIC PRINCIPLES TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING

TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING What Is Language? Language & Truth as People are the same everywhere There are universal laws and truths Knowledge is objective, independent of culture, gender, etc. Language is a man-made tool that refers to real things / truths I, the subject, speak language I have a discernible self The self is the center of existence THIS PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE SUGGESTED A PHILSOPHY OF LANGUAGE AND HOW WE VIEW OURSELVES TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING

Liberal Humanism: View of Literature Purpose of Literature Liberal Humanism: View of Literature Good literature is of timeless significance. The text will reveal constants, universal truths, about human nature, because human nature itself is constant and unchanging. And this is THE CLASS MODERN VIEW OF LITERATURE LITERATURE IS UNIVERSAL TRUTHS TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING

PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING Death of the Old Order Modernism Early 1900s: World War I Worldwide poverty & exploitation CIVILIZATION ENTERED THE MODERNIST WORLD FAILURE OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, WAR, POVERTY A term used to describe the characteristic aspects of literature and art between World War I and World War II. Challenges to Victorian order, 19th science Sense that Western culture had lost its bearings & values Revolt against dehumanization of industrialism Exposure of hypocritical moralism of capitalistic Christianity Popularization of evolutionary theory PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING

PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING Death of the Old Order Modernism Early 1900s: World War I Worldwide poverty & exploitation Intellectual upheaval: Freud: psychoanalysis Marx: class struggle Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Neitzsche Picasso, Stravinsky, Kafka, Proust, Brecht, Joyce, Eliot THERE WAS INTELLECTUAL UPHEAVAL IN THE EARLY 1900s Sigmund Freud's view of the unconscious as the determinant of motivation and behavior Karl Marx's view of consciousness as a product of sociohistorical factors Friedrich Nietzsche's annunciation of the death of God Devastation of the war, modernism embodies a lack of faith in Western civilization and culture -- its humanism and rationalism. Picasso, Kafka, Joyce, Dadaism and surrealis, existentialism, search for meaning Rise of fascism, anarchy, nihilism Rebellion against liberal humanism, positivism, reason, progress, god-centric world PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING

Relativism E=mc2 Einstein: relativity, quantum mechanics The Bending of Time & Space Relativism Einstein: relativity, quantum mechanics Refutation of Newtonian science Time is relative Matter and energy are one Light as both particle and wave Universe is strange Revolution in science AT THE SAME TIME Bend the rules of science Observer’s position effects interpretation of reality E=mc2 PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM TRADITIONAL WESTERN “MODERN” THINKING

PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM Breaking the Rules Modernist Art Cubism Surrealism Dadaism Expressionism IN THE WORLD OF ART, THE REVOLT AGAINST MODERN RATIONAL THINKING BECAME VERY EVIDENT REVOLT AGAINST REPRESENTIONAL ART Antiprepresentational "Modernism can be thought of as the self-conscious response in the arts to the experience of modernity "a radically altered aesthetic form and perspective: the modernist stress upon art as a self-referential construct instead of as a mirror of nature or society" Cubism--different perspectives of reality PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM

PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM Breaking the Rules Modernist Art Cubism Surrealism Dadaism Expressionism SURREALISM STRANGE DREAMLIKE JUXTAPOSITIONS OF IMAGES PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM

PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM Breaking the Rules Modernist Art Cubism Surrealism Dadaism Expressionism MAGRITTE AND SALVADOR DALI PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM

PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM Breaking the Rules Modernist Art Cubism Surrealism Dadaism Expressionism RADICAL NEW WAYS OF SEEING AND EXPRESSING REALITY MIRO AND CHAGALL PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM

PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM A World with No Center Modernist Literature “Things fall apart, The centre cannot hold, Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world.” --Yeats, “The Second Coming” In literature, POETS, NOVELISTS AND PLAYWRIGHTS BECAME TO PROCLAIM THE END OF THE RATIONAL WORLD EXISTENTIAL THEMES BEGAN TO APPEAR LIFE WITH NO CENTER YEATS LANDMARK POEM THE NEW ORDER OF THINGS WAS AWORLD WITH NO CENTER PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM

PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM Breaking the Rules Modernist Literature Emphasis on impressionism and subjectivity Movement away from “objective” third-party narration Tendency toward reflexivity and self- consciousness Obsession with the psychology of self Rejection of traditional aesthetic theories Experimentation with language In writers such as HEMINGWAY, FAULKNER, VIRGINIA WOOLF, FROST AND JAMES JOYCE, existential themes bgean to appear WHOLE DIFFERENT TYPE OF LITERATURE MIRRORED WHAT WAS HAPPENING IN VISUAL ARTS Exploration of man as an alienated individual, inward looking Focus on impressionism, and subjectivity Movement away from tradition 3rd party ways of story telling Self consciousness bred a new style called stream of consciousness Spontaneity and discovery in creation Experimentation Still reflected western tradition Eliot--rich language and symbols of experience The Lost Generation--Gertrude Stein, Fitzgerald PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM

What is Postmodernism? Continuation of modernist view Acceptance of a New Age What is Postmodernism? Continuation of modernist view Does not mourn loss of history, self, religion, center A term applied to all human sciences — anthropology, psychology, architecture, history, etc. Reaction to modernism; systematic skepticism Anti-foundational THAT IS THE MODERNIST VIEW OF THE WORLD LESS REALISM AND NATURALISTIC INTERPRETATION EMPHASIS ON THE SUBCONSCIOUSNESS EXPERIMENTATION IN AESTHETICS HOW DOES POSMODERNISM DIFFER? Not opposite to--an extension of BULLETS POSTMODERNISM

What is Postmodernism? The Enlightenment project is dead. Acceptance of a New Age What is Postmodernism? The Enlightenment project is dead. THAT IS THE MODERNIST VIEW OF THE WORLD LESS REALISM AND NATURALISTIC INTERPRETATION EMPHASIS ON THE SUBCONSCIOUSNESS EXPERIMENTATION IN AESTHETICS HOW DOES POSMODERNISM DIFFER? Not opposite to--an extension of BULLETS POSTMODERNISM

Culture & Capital Frederick Jameson Modernism and postmodernism are cultural formations that accompany specific stages of capitalism 1. Market capitalism: 18th-19th C. Steam locomotive Realism 2. Monopoly capitalism: Late 19th C to WWII Electricity and automobile Modernism 3. Multinational/consumer capitalism Nuclear and electronics Postmodernism ANOTHER WAY OF LOOKING AT IT JAMESON OFTEN GIVEN CREIDT FOR POPULARIZING PM AN AMERICAN MARXIST--NOT IN POLITICAL BUT LITERARY SENSE CULTURAL MATERIALIST ECONOMICS DICTATE REALITY POSTMODERNISM

Postmodernism: Basic Concepts The End of Master Narratives Postmodernism: Basic Concepts Life just is Rejection of all master narratives All “truths” are contingent cultural constructs Skepticism of progress; anti-technology bias Sense of fragmentation and decentered self Multiple conflicting identities Mass-mediated reality THESE ARE SOME BASIC CONCEPTS THAT CUT ACROSS ALL ASPECTS OF POSTMODERNISM On objective essence, no central truths Don’t mourn or worry about it--that’s just the way life is POSTMODERNISM

Postmodernism: Basic Concepts The End of Master Narratives Postmodernism: Basic Concepts All versions of reality are SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS Concepts of good and evil Metaphors for God Language The self Gender EVERYTHING! Even marriage Islam Mormons of the 19th c Chinese concubines Family Motherhood Plato China one-child India--girls are bad POSTMODERNISM

Postmodernism: Basic Concepts Language As Social Construct Postmodernism: Basic Concepts Language is a social construct that “speaks” & identifies the subject Knowledge is contingent, contextual and linked to POWER Truth is pluralistic, dependent upon the frame of reference of the observer Values are derived from ordinary social practices, which differ from culture to culture and change with time. Values are determined by manipulation and domination THIS VIEW OF THE WORLD HAS A BIG IMPACT UPON KNOWLEDGE AND LANGUAGE THEORY HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW? HOW DOES LANGUAGE MEAN? HERE ARE SOME KEY PRINCIPLES: BULLETS POSTMODERNISM CHANGES EVERYTHING VIEW OF THEOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY MILITARY POSTMODERNISM

Relativism & Pluralism Richard Rorty (1931-) A “pragmatic philosopher” Anti-foundationalist No reality independent of our minds Truth is the result of inter-subjective agreement between members of a community We must choose between self-defeating relativism or solidarity of thought within our group The goal of the “search for truth” is to help us carry out practical tasks and create a fairer and more democratic society Richard Rorty is often cited as the most prominent philosophical defender of postmodernism. AMERICAN--Stanford university He insists that there is no "skyhook" which takes us out of our subjective conditions to reveal a reality existing independently of our own minds or of other human minds.{2} Each person interprets reality in accordance with his own subjective condition. But Rorty does not argue for an individualistic free-for-all notion of truth. He emphasizes the social influence upon the individual and his beliefs. Truth, or what for Rorty substitutes for it, is an intersubjective agreement among the members of a community.{4} That intersubjective agreement permits the members of the community to speak a common language and establish a commonly accepted reality. The end of inquiry, for Rorty, is not the discovery or even the approximation of absolute truth but the formulation of beliefs that further the solidarity of the community, or "to reduce objectivity to solidarity."{ He argues that once the notion of objective truth is abandoned, one must choose between a self-defeating relativism and ethnocentrism, neither of which can be justified in a manner that is not circular. He responds that one "should grasp the ethnocentric horn of the dilemma" and "privilege our own group."{6} As far as any new beliefs that we are to consider, they must at least roughly cohere with those already held by the community, or, as Rorty puts the point, "We want to be able . . . to justify ourselves to our earlier selves. This preference is not built into us by human nature. It is just the way we live now."{7} POSTMODERNISM

Postmodern View of Language The Observer is King Postmodern View of Language Observer is a participant/part of what is observed Receiver of message is a component of the message Information becomes information only when contextualized The individual (the subject) is a cultural construct Consider role of own culture when examining others All interpretation is conditioned by cultural perspective and mediated by symbols and practice HERE ARE SOME OF THE UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS OF PM THEORY ABOUT LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE--ALSO APPLIES TO HISTORY AND PSYCHOLOGY POSTMODERNISM

PostModern Literature Play and Parody PostModern Literature Extreme freedom of form and expression Repudiation of boundaries of narration & genre Intrusive, self-reflexive author Parodies of meta-narratives Deliberate violation of standards of sense and decency (which are viewed as methods of social control) Integration of everyday experience, pop culture WHICH BRINGS US TO POSTMODERNIST LITERATURE? HAVE YOU READ VONNEGUT? BARTH? PYNCHEON? ATWOOD? Experiments with modes to create a stream of consciousness so vivid that the author disappears Experimented within traditional frameworks POSTMODERNIST Challenged the traditional narrative and genre boundaries Creates ruptures, gaps and ironies that continue to remind the reader that the author is present See traditional linear representatives of reality false Challenge structures and taboos of contemporary society SEE THE WORKINGS But Quixote self-reflective Many current novels very traditional POSTMODERNISM

PostModern Literature Fragmented Identities PostModern Literature Parody, play, black humor, pastiche Nonlinear, fragmented narratives Ambiguities and uncertainties Conspiracy and paranoia Ironic detachment Linguistic innovations Postcolonial, global-English literature Mixed techniques--essay--newsreels (Dos Passos), memos,, etc. Kundera Pycheon: Gravity’s rainbow: ambiguous unresolvable allegory Conspiracy and paranoia are common themes, biting social critique (Kurt V) Workings of the machine are visible BARTH, BRAUTIGAN, BURROUGHS, DOCTOROW, ECO, HELLER, GASS, MAILER, MORRISON, OATES, PYNCHON, ROTH, GAO, KUNDERA POSTMODERNISM

Modernity PostModern History as fact Faith in social order Binary Oppositions Modernity PostModern History as fact Faith in social order Family as central unit Authenticity of originals Mass consumption Written by the victors Cultural pluralism Alternate families Hyper-reality (MTV) Niches; small group identity The encyclopedia Web Architecture of NY LA and Vegas Phallic order Queer sexual identities POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? A gay Southern Baptist who practices Buddhist meditation and believes in the Big Bang theory. POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? POSTMODERNISM Lake Shore apartments in Chicago Built in 1948--changed the look of every American citY Originally, the term comes from architecture, where modern architecture denotes the familiar glass, steel and concrete buildings with their straight, rectangular, geometric shapes. This led in the 1960's to a reaction by younger architects, who included different decorative elements inspired by earlier periods in their design. This eclectic mixture of styles was called "postmodern architecture". From there the term "postmodern" quickly spread to art, where it denoted a departure from the radicalism and abstraction of the old avant-garde, replacing them by a fusion of different popular and traditional elements, like Warhol's Pop Art or rock music incorporating African and oriental motives. POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? POSTMODERNISM Simplicity Form should follow function Le Corbusier church Expressionist modern POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? POSTMODERNISM More responsive to its context Many styles Fragmented, seemingly disjointed JP Getty Museum in LA POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? Art Museum in Paris Le Boo Boo POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? Frank Gehring /Prague POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? POSTMODERNISM Cubism New way of looking at reality POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? POSTMODERNISM American Robert Rauschenberg Throws into question idea of creativity and originality Silk-screen canvases and montages Fragments From production to reproduction ART DISPENSES WITH AURA ANDY WARHOL AS WELL Frank plagarism, repetition of existing images POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? MacNewspaper Sound bites POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? Reality as entertainment POSTMODERNISM

Modern or Postmodern? POSTMODERNISM He deliberately confuses the audience with the fragmentation of the narrative. Its four narratives overlap, the characters wandering between them. The creating of the story in our minds on the basis of the cues in the plot becomes an intellectual "pleasure of bliss" Intertextual--allusions to Hitchcock, etc. Using art house devices and mixing them with trivial elements Tarantino's postmodern Pulp Fiction mixes low and high levels. POSTMODERNISM

An Epochal Shift in Thinking PostModernism “The narrative is unravelled, the author is dead, the Enlightenment project is toast, and history is history.” “An epochal shift in the basic condition in being.” --Geoffrey Nunberg Andy Warhol Body Piercings Boy George Annie Sprinkle MTV Videos Madonna Gus Gus Rap Levi's Commercials The X Files Blade Runner Frankenhooker Jerry Springer Real World Cops Bill Clinton on MTV Body modification The Web Salon Cyberpunk Affinity group credit cards Arugala salads with duck meat, goat cheese and pine nuts POSTMODERNISM

A Global Battle: THE OBJECTIVISTS vs. THE CONSTRUCTIVISTS Battle of World Views PostModernism A Global Battle: THE OBJECTIVISTS vs. THE CONSTRUCTIVISTS TAKES ON POLITICAL OVERTONES OBJECTIVIST ONE WORLD VIEW THIS IS THE WAY THE WORLD IS CONSTRUCTIVISTS THE REAL WORLD IS AN EVER CHANGING SOCIAL CREATION POSTMODERNISM

PostModernism OBJECTIVISTS My Way “When I said during my presidential bid that I would only bring Christians and Jews into the government, I hit a firestorm. How dare you maintain that those who believe in the Judeo- Christian values are better qualified to govern America than Hindus and Muslims?' My simple answer is, `Yes, they are.'” -from Pat Robertson's "The New World Order" POSTMODERNISM

Metaphors Kill PostModernism People were burned at the stake for believing there was more than one version of reality. THIS IS POWERFUL STUFF NOT ACADEMIC BABBLE Galileo Spanish Inquisitions McCarthy with hunts Dissenters during Prague Spring China Tianamen Square Taliban POSTMODERNISM

God is Not Dead PostModernism Our public schools have become a postmodern battleground. SCHOOLS are in the social construction of reality business Postmodern thinking has brought radical changes--some good, some bad How history is taught Columbus, Jefferson, Kennedy Revisionist history Warts and all Multiple cultures and perspectives VALUES Who’s values--everyone’s? dilute standards and values Secular humanists or fundamentalists? Minority sets the standards Basic purpose of education--help people get a job, liberal education, good citizens of US, moral and values OBE, and condoms--OBE’s big business calling the shots--good employees OBE vague goals--competent world citizen--Skinner conditioning Send your children to Bob Jones U, BYU, Grove City, Duquesne or Berkleley POSTMODERNISM

God is Not Dead PostModernism You can be a Christian (or Buddhist, or Hindu, etc.) in the postmodern world. All I am saying is that our society is no longer White Christian Male centric 1950s Ten Commandments in school Women knew their place in the home Hindus, Blacks, Gays were others Communists were evil Sex not talked about or exploited What was good for GM was good for America Now Still be Christian But recognize that there are other world views IN FACT--NEVER HAVE BEEN MORE RELIGIONS AND CULTS POSTMODERNISM HAS GIVEN RISE TO MORE CHRISTIAN DENOMINATIONS, EASTERN ORIENTED FAITHS, NEW AGE, SHAMANISM, DRUIDS, SATANISM, CULTS--PEOPLE ARE FRAGMENTED SEARCHING FOR MEANING--RESULT OF NO CENTER TO THE WORLD CHALLENGE TO CATHOLIC CHURCH--ABSOLUTISTS AND THOSE VIEW CATHOLICISM AS A CAFETERIA--POSTMODERN CHALLENGES POSTMODERNISM

We Live in the Middle PostModernism We all slip and slide between the objective and constructive views: 1. We live in a world of naïve realism. 2. But when we think about things, or have to explain our views, we become constructivists. Assume that the world is the way we experience it. MOST US ARE UNFORMED CITIZENS OF THE POSTMODERN WORLD CONFUSED, UNLEAR OF OUR OWN CENTERS WANT THE GOOD OLD DAYS CREATED POLARIZATION--RELIGIOUS RIGHT, WHITE SUPREMACIST, ISLAMIC EXTREMISTS--PEOPLE WHO CANNOT DEAL WITH THE POST MODERN WORLD We accept social rules of the group--go along with them--accept external reality. POSTMODERNISM

How Popular Culture Changes as RAYMOND WILLIAMS Dominant ideology controls Human agency: people work together to bring about change Takes into account pluralism of a culture Dominant: the prevailing meaning of a cultural text or practice. This is the assumed or taken-for-granted meaning that best serves the status quo of society. Alternative: meanings outside the strict boundaries of the dominant mode. They are different but do not upset the status quo. Therefore they are tolerated and can be accommodated without much trouble. Oppositional: meanings completely outside the boundaries of the dominant mode that directly contradict and threaten to destabilize the status quo. Residual: meanings that rely on a sense of how things used to be in the past. They justify themselves based on a real or perceived sense of how we lived once upon a time. Emergent: new meanings that have not yet been incorporated into the dominant but may in time prove to become to new dominant sensibility. They could also shift to become alternative or oppositional. Although we may tend to associate residual with traditional/conservative and emergent with progressive/modern, that is not always necessarily the case. Similarly, alternative and oppositional meanings c POSTSTRUCTURALISM

How Popular Culture Changes Acceptance of Pluralism How Popular Culture Changes Playboy Bunnies & June Cleaver Carrie in “Sex & The City” Samantha in “Sex & The City” Monica in “Friends” NOT SOCIAL UPHEAVAL NOT ONE CAMP VERSUS ANOTHER ALWAYS A DOMINANT IDEOLOGY OR TREND WE ACCEPT PLULARISM THERE ARE ALWAYS DOMINANT RESIDUAL ALTERNATIVE OPPOSITIONAL EMERGENT OFTEN THE ALTERNATIVE OR OPPOSTION BECOMES THE DOMINANT OR MERGES WITH THE DOMINANT THE 60S’S--the HIPPIES DID NOT WIN-- WE ARE NOTall smoking pot to day or living in communes--but many of their ideas, music, attitudes toward the sexes, political views--BECAME MAINSTREAM Courtney Love

Celebrating Diversity PostModernism THE HOPE OF POSTMODERNISTS: The deconstruction of foundational views will lead to a recognition and acceptance of a pluralistic worldview. Create a truly global civilization. The forces of postmodernism will prevent will ultimately defeat any power trying to corral people into a single world view. Afghanistan POSTMODERNISM

Celebrating Diversity Literary & FilmTheory Different constructs of reality “Lenses” through which we see the world ? The forces of postmodernism will prevent will ultimately defeat any power trying to corral people into a single world view. Afghanistan POSTMODERNISM