Energy Management: 2016/17 The Energetic Balance of a Country Prof. Tânia Sousa taniasousa@tecnico.ulisboa.pt

The Portuguese Energetic Balance What is the Energetic Balance of a country?

Sankey diagram for Portugal 2010

The Portuguese Energetic Balance It is an energy accounting framework to describe the annual energy flows in a country for each fuel/energy vector In Portugal the EB is elaborated by the Direcção Geral de Energia e Geologia (DGEG). Data is (1) obtainned with surveys to the consumers and (2) provided by the suppliers of the energetic market PEB’s are available in excel files from 1990 in DGEG: http://www.dgeg.pt/ Portuguese and other countries’s EB’s are available from IEA from 1960 or 1970 onwards

The Portuguese Energetic Balance What type of issues can an energetic balance help you with?

The Portuguese Energetic Balance What type of issues can an energetic balance help you with? Energy supply mix Share of renewable energies in supply

The Portuguese Energetic Balance What type of issues can an energetic balance help you with? Self-reliance in energy supply

The Portuguese Energetic Balance

The Portuguese Energetic Balance What type of issues can an energetic balance help you with? Refining efficiency Electricity production efficiency Per capita use of primary and final energy Energy intensity

The Portuguese Energetic Balance What type of issues are not addressed by the energetic balance?

The Portuguese Energetic Balance What type of issues are not addressed by the energetic balance? Efficiency between final and useful energy Efficiency in providing energy services

The Portuguese Energetic Balance What type of issues are not addressed by the energetic balance? Efficiency between final and useful energy Efficiency in providing energy services Additional information that is needed: Electrical resistance 100% Electrical motor 90% Fluorescent lamp 50% Refrigerator 200% Heat pump 250%

Energy Accounting Framework: Production Energy flows considered for each individual fuel or energy type

Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation Energy flows considered for each individual fuel or energy type

Energy Accounting Framework: Final Use Energy flows considered for each individual fuel or energy type

Energy Accounting Framework: Units The unit used in the Energetic Balance is TOE (Ton of oil equivalent) 1 TOE = 41.87 GJ Conversion Factors: Natural Gas: 45.1 GJ/ t = 1.077 toe/t Heat released on burning (LHV) Electricity: 1 GWh = 3600 GJ = 86 toe Direct heat equivalent CH4, N2 & O2 CO2, H2O, N2

The Portuguese Energetic Balance An energetic Balance is a matrix: Each type of fuel/energy vector is considered along the columns Each row captures the flow of energy ENERGETIC BALANCE TOE   Coal Oil Natural Gas Gases o Outros Derivados Electricity heat Industrial waste Other Renewables TOTAL 2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 30 = 24 a 29 36 = 31 a 35 37 38 46 = 39 a 45 47=4+22+23+30+36+37+38+46 IMPORTS 1. 2 327 219 16 608 384 4 163 167 923 984 24 022 754 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2. 1 142 338 39 800 3 190 679 4 372 817 CHANGE IN "STOCKS" 3. - 223 603 315 673 5 960 - 837 97 193 OUTPUTS 4. 24 949 3 680 661 112 918 17 634 3 836 162 PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 5. 2 525 873 12 612 050 4 157 207 1 953 404 3 173 882 24 462 216 FOR NEW ENERGY FORMS 6. 2 444 703 1 079 137 2 597 143 -2 810 996 -1 472 450 1 120 1 367 391 3 206 048 CONSUMPTION ENERGY SECTOR 7. 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 3 1 407 519 RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION 1 275 842 AVAILABLE FOR FINAL CONSUMPTION 8. 81 170 9 781 695 1 503 961 4 159 099 1 201 714 38 680 1 806 488 18 572 807 STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE 9. 9 851 - 47 340 - 1 382 12 279 - 38 580 FINAL CONSUMPTION 10. 71 319 9 829 035 1 505 343 4 159 087 1 806 209 18 611 387 AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES 10.1 358 801 3 359 87 218 2 366 21 451 765 EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES 10.2 66 103 8 444 49 882 30 844 4 155 277 TRANSFORMATION INDUSTRIES 10.3 1 085 788 1 027 157 1 340 009 1 154 293 615 382 5 332 628 CONSTRUCTION AND PUBLIC WORKS 10.4 576 210 5 063 50 490 631 784 TRANSPORTS 10.5 6 680 176 6 659 46 677 3 452 6 736 964 DOMESTIC SECTOR 10.6 552 680 300 190 1 157 672 1 180 750 3 191 292 SERVICES 10.7 509 277 154 471 1 427 139 14 211 6 579 2 111 677

The Portuguese Energetic Balance An energetic Balance is a matrix: Each type of fuel/energy vector is considered along the columns Each row captures the flow of energy ENERGETIC BALANCE TOE   Coal Oil Natural Gas Gases o Outros Derivados Electricity heat Industrial waste Other Renewables TOTAL 2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 30 = 24 a 29 36 = 31 a 35 37 38 46 = 39 a 45 47=4+22+23+30+36+37+38+46 IMPORTS 1. 2 327 219 16 608 384 4 163 167 923 984 24 022 754 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2. 1 142 338 39 800 3 190 679 4 372 817 CHANGE IN "STOCKS" 3. - 223 603 315 673 5 960 - 837 97 193 OUTPUTS 4. 24 949 3 680 661 112 918 17 634 3 836 162 PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 5. 2 525 873 12 612 050 4 157 207 1 953 404 3 173 882 24 462 216 FOR NEW ENERGY FORMS 6. 2 444 703 1 079 137 2 597 143 -2 810 996 -1 472 450 1 120 1 367 391 3 206 048 CONSUMPTION ENERGY SECTOR 7. 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 3 1 407 519 RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION 1 275 842 AVAILABLE FOR FINAL CONSUMPTION 8. 81 170 9 781 695 1 503 961 4 159 099 1 201 714 38 680 1 806 488 18 572 807 STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE 9. 9 851 - 47 340 - 1 382 12 279 - 38 580 FINAL CONSUMPTION 10. 71 319 9 829 035 1 505 343 4 159 087 1 806 209 18 611 387 AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES 10.1 358 801 3 359 87 218 2 366 21 451 765 EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES 10.2 66 103 8 444 49 882 30 844 4 155 277 TRANSFORMATION INDUSTRIES 10.3 1 085 788 1 027 157 1 340 009 1 154 293 615 382 5 332 628 CONSTRUCTION AND PUBLIC WORKS 10.4 576 210 5 063 50 490 631 784 TRANSPORTS 10.5 6 680 176 6 659 46 677 3 452 6 736 964 DOMESTIC SECTOR 10.6 552 680 300 190 1 157 672 1 180 750 3 191 292 SERVICES 10.7 509 277 154 471 1 427 139 14 211 6 579 2 111 677

Energy Accounting Framework: Production Energy flows considered for each individual fuel or energy type

Energy Accounting Framework: Production Main flows considered: How do you obtain consumption of primary energy?

Energy Accounting Framework: Production Main flows considered: How do you obtain consumption of primary energy?

Energy Accounting Framework: Production Main flows considered: Imports (expand domestic supply) Domestic Production Change in stocks (an increase (decrease) in stocks represents a decrease (increase) in domestic supply) Exports (decrease domestic supply) Bunkers (International Aviation & Internacional Maritime transport) Example: ENERGY BALANCE TOE   Natural GAS 2008 23 IMPORTS 1. 4 163 167 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2. CHANGE IN STOCKS 3. 5 960 OUTPUTS 4. Exports 4.1 International Maritime Transport 4.2 International Aviation 4.3 CONSUMPTION OF PRIMARY ENERGY 5. 4 157 207

Energy Accounting Framework: Production Biggest energy imports and exports?... What types of fuels/energy vectors do we produce in Portugal? Highest consumption of primary energy?

Domestic Production

Installed capacity & electricity production (2014)

Installed Power

Energy Accounting Framework: Production ENERGETIC BALANCE TOE   Solar Thermal 2015 IMPORTS 1. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2. 80 267 Solar Heat Electricity Moura – Amareleja 46 MW Serpa – Hércules 11 MW Total – 418 MW Central Solar Fotovoltaíca Moura ENERGETIC BALANCE TOE   Hidro-electricidade Eólica Foto-voltaica Geo-térmica Termo-electricidade 2015 31 32 33 34 35 IMPORTS 1. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2. 842 760 998 257 68 469 17 507

Energy Accounting Framework: Production Wind Electricity Offshore 2 MW Microgeneration 0.6 MW Total 4953 MW Hydro Fio de Água 2244 MW Total 5572 MW ENERGETIC BALANCE TOE   Hidro-electricidade Eólica Foto-voltaica Geo-térmica Termo-electricidade 2015 31 32 33 34 35 IMPORTS 1. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2. 842 760 998 257 68 469 17 507

Conversion Processes (Renewables) Geothermal Electricity (S. Miguel – 10MW) Central Geotérmica S. Miguel, Açores ENERGETIC BALANCE TOE   Hidro-electricidade Eólica Foto-voltaica Geo-térmica Termo-electricidade 2015 31 32 33 34 35 IMPORTS 1. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2. 842 760 998 257 68 469 17 507

Energy Accounting Framework: Production Compare the imports of nat. gas in 2008 with the maximum capacity of importing (Campo-Maior -> 122.4 GWh/day and Sines -> 192,8 GWh/dia) ENERGY BALANCE TOE   Natural GAS 2008 23 IMPORTS 1. 4 163 167 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2. CHANGE IN STOCKS 3. 5 960 OUTPUTS 4. Exports 4.1 International Maritime Transport 4.2 International Aviation 4.3 CONSUMPTION OF PRIMARY ENERGY 5. 4 157 207 1 GWh = 86 toe Liquefaction of natural gas T=-162ºC Decrease in volume: 1/600

Energy Accounting Framework: Production Compare the imports of nat. gas in 2008 with the maximum capacity of importing (Campo-Maior -> 122.4 GWh/day and Sines -> 192,8 GWh/dia) 4163167 toe /365 days= 48409 GWh /365 days = 133 GWh /day ENERGY BALANCE TOE   Natural GAS 2008 23 IMPORTS 1. 4 163 167 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2. CHANGE IN STOCKS 3. 5 960 1 GWh = 86 toe =69.3 GWh Storing Pressure: 180 bar Carriço storage capacity (2155 GWh -> 16 dias)

Energy Accounting Framework: Production What is the primary energy supply for jets in 2015? ENERGY BALANCE TOE   Jets 2015 10 IMPORTS 1. 10 796 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2. CHANGE IN STOCKS 3. OUTPUTS 4. 1 048 263 Exports 4.1 1 867 International Maritime Transport 4.2 International Aviation 4.3 1 046 396 CONSUMPTION OF PRIMARY ENERGY 5.

Energy Accounting Framework: Production What is the primary energy supply for jets in 2015? Other fuels had a negative primary energy supply in 2015: fueloil, naphtha, gasoline, lubricant, paraffin, solvent, propylene What is the meaning? ENERGY BALANCE TOE   Jets 2015 10 IMPORTS 1. 10 796 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2. CHANGE IN STOCKS 3. OUTPUTS 4. 1 048 263 Exports 4.1 1 867 International Maritime Transport 4.2 International Aviation 4.3 1 046 396 CONSUMPTION OF PRIMARY ENERGY 5. -1037467

The Portuguese Energetic Balance An energetic Balance is a matrix: Each type of fuel/energy vector is considered along the columns Each row captures the flow of energy ENERGETIC BALANCE TOE   Coal Oil Natural Gas Gases o Outros Derivados Electricity heat Industrial waste Other Renewables TOTAL 2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 30 = 24 a 29 36 = 31 a 35 37 38 46 = 39 a 45 47=4+22+23+30+36+37+38+46 IMPORTS 1. 2 327 219 16 608 384 4 163 167 923 984 24 022 754 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 2. 1 142 338 39 800 3 190 679 4 372 817 CHANGE IN "STOCKS" 3. - 223 603 315 673 5 960 - 837 97 193 OUTPUTS 4. 24 949 3 680 661 112 918 17 634 3 836 162 PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 5. 2 525 873 12 612 050 4 157 207 1 953 404 3 173 882 24 462 216 FOR NEW ENERGY FORMS 6. 2 444 703 1 079 137 2 597 143 -2 810 996 -1 472 450 1 120 1 367 391 3 206 048 CONSUMPTION ENERGY SECTOR 7. 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 3 1 407 519 RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION 1 275 842 AVAILABLE FOR FINAL CONSUMPTION 8. 81 170 9 781 695 1 503 961 4 159 099 1 201 714 38 680 1 806 488 18 572 807 STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE 9. 9 851 - 47 340 - 1 382 12 279 - 38 580 FINAL CONSUMPTION 10. 71 319 9 829 035 1 505 343 4 159 087 1 806 209 18 611 387 AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES 10.1 358 801 3 359 87 218 2 366 21 451 765 EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES 10.2 66 103 8 444 49 882 30 844 4 155 277 TRANSFORMATION INDUSTRIES 10.3 1 085 788 1 027 157 1 340 009 1 154 293 615 382 5 332 628 CONSTRUCTION AND PUBLIC WORKS 10.4 576 210 5 063 50 490 631 784 TRANSPORTS 10.5 6 680 176 6 659 46 677 3 452 6 736 964 DOMESTIC SECTOR 10.6 552 680 300 190 1 157 672 1 180 750 3 191 292 SERVICES 10.7 509 277 154 471 1 427 139 14 211 6 579 2 111 677

Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation Summarizing the energy flow considered for each individual fuel or energy type

Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation Main flows considered in the energy transformation sector: How do you obtain energy for final consumption?

Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation Main flows considered in the energy transformation sector: How do you obtain energy for final consumption?

Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation Main flows considered in the energy transformation sector: Transformation of primary into secondary energies (consumption appears (+), production appears (-)) Energy sector’s own use (e.g energy used for pumping, ilumination and heating) including transmission and distribution losses Net supply available Statistical difference (between available for final consumption & final consumption) Consumption as raw material How do you obtain energy available for final consumption? Example: ENERGETC BALANCE toe   Natural Gas 2008 23 PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 5. 4 157 207 FOR NEW ENERGY FORMS 6. 2 597 143 CONSUMPTION ENERGY SECTOR 7. 56 103 RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION AVAILABLE FOR FINAL CONSUMPTION 8. 1 503 961 STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE 9. - 1 382 FINAL CONSUMPTION 10. 1 505 343 Energetic Oil Products that are also consumed as raw material: naphta

Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation Main flows considered in the energy transformation sector: Transformation of primary into secondary energies (consumption appears (+), production appears (-)) Energy sector’s own use (e.g energy used for pumping, ilumination and heating) including transmission and distribution losses Net supply available Statistical difference (between available for final consumption & final consumption) How do you obtain energy available for final consumption? Example: ENERGETC BALANCE toe   Natural Gas 2008 23 PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 5. 4 157 207 FOR NEW ENERGY FORMS 6. 2 597 143 CONSUMPTION ENERGY SECTOR 7. 56 103 RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION AVAILABLE FOR FINAL CONSUMPTION 8. 1 503 961 STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE 9. - 1 382 FINAL CONSUMPTION 10. 1 505 343

Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation Secondary energies considered:

Energy Accounting Framework: Transformation Secondary energies considered: Cogeneration of the non-energetic sector is included here Example (natural gas, 2015):

Conversion Processes What are the main conversion processes?

Conversion Processes (Fossil Fuels) Oil Electricity Electricity & Heat (Cogeneration) Transportation Fuels (Refineries in Sines e Matosinhos) Non-energetic Materials (Refineries) Coal Electricity (Pego & Sines) Gas Electricity (Tapada Outeiro, Ribatejo, Lares, Pego) Examples: chemical industry Refinery, Sines Examples: paper industry CCTG Power Plant, Tapada Outeiro Coal Power Plant, Sines

Conversion Processes (Renewables) Biomass Electricity Total: 210 MW Electricity & Heat (Cogeneration) 416 MW Central Resíduos Florestais Mortágua

Conversion Processes (Renewables) Paper industry Black Liquor Electricity & Heat (Cogeneration) Biodiesel Transportation Fuels Biogás Electricity (43 MW) Urban Waste Electricity (77 MW) Industrial Waste Heat (Co-incineration) ValorSul, Lisboa Aterro Sanitário com aproveitamento Biogás, Portimão

Conversion Processes (Fossil Fuels) Oil Crude oil & intermediate products are consumed for: Fuels (Refineries) Non-energetic Materials (Refineries)

Conversion Processes (Fossil Fuels) Fueloil Fueloil is produced in the refineries

Conversion Processes (Fossil Fuels) Fueloil Electricity Fueloil Power Plant, Setúbal

Conversion Processes (Fossil Fuels) Fueloil Electricity Electricity & Heat (Cogeneration)

Next week workgroup Please bring your computer (1 per group) for next week pratical classes!!!!