Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity

A. Structures of the lymphatic system: Lymph vessels and nodes Spleen CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A. Structures of the lymphatic system: Lymph vessels and nodes Spleen Thymus gland Tonsils and adenoids (MALT) T and B cells B. Functions Protects the body from invaders/pathogens through general and specific immunity. Transports and recollects fluids Filters the fluid for harmful particles

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Lymphatic Pathways A. Lymphatic pathways start as lymphatic capillaries that merge to form larger lymphatic vessels that empty into the cardiovascular system.

B. Lymphatic Capillaries CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. B. Lymphatic Capillaries 1. These are tiny, closed-ended tubes that are 1 layer of simple squamous epithelium thick. 2. They receive tissue fluid through their thin walls; once inside, tissue fluid is called lymph.

C. Lymphatic Vessels (similar to veins) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C. Lymphatic Vessels (similar to veins) 1. These are thinner than veins but are constructed with the same three layers with valves on the inside. 2. Larger lymphatic vessels pass through lymph nodes and merge to form lymphatic trunks. What does trunk indicate????

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CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. D. Lymphatic Trunks and Collecting Ducts 1. The lymphatic trunks drain lymph from the body and are named for the regions they drain. 2. These trunks join one of two collecting ducts---either the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct. Left side

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The thoracic duct drains the left side of the body and both legs into the left subclavian vein. The right lymphatic duct drains the right upper body into the right subclavian vein.

Pg 380

Label regions and organs and COLOR what is drained by the right lymphatic duct Tonsils Use page 380-383 Peyer’s patches

Label path of lymph flow 5

Order these terms to show direction of lymph flow: Node Tissue Duct Capillary Subclavian vein Trunk Vessel (use this twice )

Path of Lymph Flow TissueCapillaryVesselNodeVesselTrunkDuctSubclavian vein Left thoracic duct drains the left side of the body and both legs Right lymphatic duct drains the right upper body

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Lymph Movement A. The hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid drives the entry of lymph into lymphatic capillaries. B. Forces that move lymph include: skeletal muscle contraction breathing movements contraction of smooth muscle There is no heart pumping the lymph around our body movements are the driving force

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C. A condition that interferes with the flow in lymph will result in edema, or swelling. (During surgery, lymphatic vessels or tissues may be removed or disturbed, resulting in edema. )

Like the opposite of a hill CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Lymph Nodes A. Afferent lymphatic vessels- (think arriving) entering on the one side of the node bringing lymph in. Efferent lymphatic vessels- (think exiting) attach to the indented hilum and lymph leaves this way Like the opposite of a hill

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. B. Located through out the body and named for body regions they are associated with: (Peyer’s Patches)

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C. Functions of lymph nodes include: filtering and monitoring lymph before returning it to the blood stream. Cells involved are: Lymphocytes- WBCs that attack specific invading pathogens. Macrophages- large WBCs that engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and debris.

 A. Large organs of the Lymphatic system: Thymus and Spleen CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  A. Large organs of the Lymphatic system: Thymus and Spleen

A gland located posterior to the sternum. Contains lymphocytes. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. B. Thymus Gland A gland located posterior to the sternum. Contains lymphocytes. Releases T-Cells that provide immunity once mature. Secretes hormones that cause T-Cells to mature.

C. Spleen-An organ lying posterior and lateral to the stomach. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C. Spleen-An organ lying posterior and lateral to the stomach. Contains white pulp, which is similar to lymph nodes and has many lymphocytes (WBCs). Contains red pulp that surrounds veins to help filter blood and lymph. Has numerous red blood cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages.

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What does the spleen do? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEi_4Cyx4Uw

stop Curing HIV?! http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/03/04/173258954/scientists-report-first-cure-of-hiv-in-a-child-say-its-a-game-changer?sc=emaf

Lymphatic Filariasis http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/monsters-inside-me/videos/the-40-year-parasite/

 Body Defenses Against Infection CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Body Defenses Against Infection Pathogens are disease-causing agents that can produce infections within the body. The body has two types of defense against pathogens: Nonspecific/innate defenses that guard against any pathogen Specific defenses (Immunity) that mount a response against a very specific target.

 Nonspecific Defenses A. Mechanical Barriers (1st line of defense) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Nonspecific Defenses A. Mechanical Barriers (1st line of defense) Physical barriers like skin, hair and mucous membranes prevent pathogens from entering the body.

B. Chemical Barriers (2nd line of defense) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. B. Chemical Barriers (2nd line of defense) Chemicals in and on the body destroy or inhibit pathogens (exp. Sweat, tears, oil, gastric juice). Interferons- are chemicals within cells that are released when a cell becomes infected by a pathogen. Interferons warn non-infected cells, promote resistance, and help prevent viral replication.

C. Species Resistance (2nd line of defense) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C. Species Resistance (2nd line of defense) A species may be resistant to diseases that affect other species because it has a unique chemical environment or temperature that fails to provide the right conditions for a pathogen.

D. Fever (2nd line of defense) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. D. Fever (2nd line of defense) Your body produces a fever to: Reduce the amount of iron in blood Slow bacterial growth. Increase the activity of phagocytic cells.

E. Inflammation (2nd line of defense) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. E. Inflammation (2nd line of defense) 1. Inflammation, a tissue response to a pathogen, is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain due to: dilation of blood vessels increase blood flow to the area invasion of white blood cells into the area

F. Phagocytosis (2nd line of defense) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. F. Phagocytosis (2nd line of defense) 1. The most active phagocytes are neutrophils and monocytes; these leave the bloodstream at areas of injury. Neutrophils engulf smaller particles Monocytes attack larger particles.

Which innate defenses are 1st line of defense vs. 2nd line of defense? First line prevent entry Second line defense occur onces a pathogen has entered the body.

What are interferons?

 Specific Defenses (Immunity) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Specific Defenses (Immunity) A. The body’s 3rd line of defense is adaptive, specific immunity. This refers to the response mounted by the body against specific foreign antigens recognized in the body.

 Specific Defenses Antigen Recognition CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Specific Defenses Antigen Recognition Antigens are proteins on the cell membrane surface, they are like name tags that label cells as “SELF” or “Non-Self”. Lymphocytes develop receptors to identify non-self antigens.

 Specific Defenses Lymphocytes T-Cells- mature in the Thymus CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Specific Defenses Lymphocytes T-Cells- mature in the Thymus B-Cells -produced in bone marrow

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Lymphocyte Information Reading volunteers, at least 6! Circle key terms Underline main ideas Summarize the reading in 2-4 sentences

B –Lymphocytes aka B-Cells These produce lots of antibodies against specific antigens. The antibodies travel to the blood, lymph, lining of intestines and lungs. Antibodies stay in the blood but eventually their numbers go down too.

Types of T Lymphocytes: CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Types of T Lymphocytes: Helper T Cells- Activated when in contact with foreign antigens, then stimulate B cells to make antibodies and activate other T cells. Cytotoxic T-Cells-recognize and eliminate cancer cells and virally infected cells. Memory Cells -These cells respond to subsequent (additional exposures in the future) exposure to pathogens and divide to become cytotoxic T-cells and helper T cells.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

stop Cells http://www.dnatube.com/video/194/Specific-Adaptive-immunity-humoral-and-cell-mediated Antibodies http://www.dnatube.com/video/1516/Role-of-antibodies-in-specific-immunity

Immunity What does it mean to be immune to a pathogen??? You have biological defenses against a pathogen, antibodies.

Lymphocytes Function Review : CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lymphocytes Function Review : Helper T Cells- Cytotoxic T-Cells Memory Cells B Cells

Types of T Lymphocytes: CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Types of T Lymphocytes: Helper T Cells- Activated when in contact with foreign antigens, then stimulate B cells to make antibodies and activate other T cells. Cytotoxic T-Cells-recognize and eliminate cancer cells and virally infected cells. Memory Cells -These cells respond to subsequent (additional exposures in the future) exposure to pathogens and divide to become cytotoxic T-cells and helper T cells.

Immune Response to Strep https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video+on+antibody+production+by+the+immune+system&&view=detail&mid=F2CD02E20D5C4168E267F2CD02E20D5C4168E267&FORM=VRDGAR

Types of Active immunity Remember: Lymphocytes are activated by foreign antigens on the surface of pathogens. Natural active immunity - immunity develops due to an actual infection by a pathogen causing the production of antibodies. Artificial active immunity – immunity develops after an individual is given a vaccination. Both of these cause you to produce your own antibodies against the pathogen.

Vaccination A preparation containing “antigenic “ material that stimulates a cellular immune response. It can be: Whole microorganism Attenuated (harmless) microorganism Proteins from a pathogen Genetically modified organism or protein

Passive Immunity Natural passive immunity A mother’s antibodies pass across the placenta to the fetus and remain for several months. Breast milk, contains lots of antibiodies which remain on surface of the baby’s intestinal wall and pass into blood

Passive Immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunization achieved by the transfer of antibodies, for example human blood plasma is transfused.

Summarize the differences between: Active and passive immunity…. Artificial and natural immunity….

In terms of immunity, why do our bodies reject transplanted organs and tissues? The recipient’s immune system recognize the antigens on the donor organ as foreign. Immunosuppressive drugs interfere with the recipient’s immune system by reducing the formation of antibodies or T cell production.

Allergies When the immune system responds to harmless antigens, called allergens. Allergens – antigenic substances which do no real harm Allergens include: foods, house dust, animal skin, pollen, house dust mite and its feeces

Allergies The immune system produces proteins IgE antibodies against allergens. Which cells of the immune system produce antibodies????? In an allergic reaction the immune system makes antibodies that identify an allergen as something harmful, even though it isn't.

Allergies Exposure to specific allergens causes the release of histamines. Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid and white blood cells leave capillaries. The area of leakage becomes hot, red and inflamed

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Autoimmunity Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system manufactures antibodies against its own antigens. SELF ATTACK! (auto-self) Autoantibodies-attack “self” tissues!  

Autoimmunity These may result from viral infection, faulty T cell development, or reaction to a non-self antigen that bears close resemblance to a self antigen. Example Diseases: Lupus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, Grave’s disease.