The Globalization of Agriculture Food for Thought: The Globalization of Agriculture © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This presentation may be used and adapted for use in classes using the fifth edition of Human Geography in Action. It may not be re-distributed except to students enrolled in such classes and in such case must be password protected to limit access to students enrolled in such classes. Students may not re-distribute portions of the original presentation. Chapter 8

Two major themes in this chapter Agriculture Figure 8.1 (p. 221) Globalization DISCUSSION: * What are your experiences with agriculture? Where? What type of agricultural production was it? * Name some U.S. and Canadian companies that operate globally. * Name some companies from other countries that operate globally in the U.S. and Canada.

Agriculture Relationship Between Agriculture and Food Production DISCUSSION: * Where does your local region fit on this model? Relationship Between Agriculture and Food Production Figure 8.3 (p. 223)

Agriculture Agriculture is a major cause of environmental change DISCUSSION: * Where does the water come from for these crops? Agriculture is a major cause of environmental change Figure 8.2 (p. 222)

Probable culture-hearths and origins of agriculture Agricultural Revolutions First Agricultural Revolution DISCUSSION: * What types of technical innovations made the First Agricultural Revolution possible? Probable culture-hearths and origins of agriculture Figure 8.4 (p. 224)

Second Agricultural Revolution technological change: crop rotation, instruments, machines, fertilizers DISCUSSION: * Think of the time required to harvest these fields by hand with field laborers. Figure 8.5 (p. 226)

Third Agricultural ("Green") Revolution hybrid grains for better yields, greater reliance on fertilizers, genetically engineered crops DISCUSSION: * How does this billboard reflect the Third Agricultural Revolution? * What is the difference between hybrid and genetically engineered plants?

Geography of agriculture • Climate and natural environment • Culture • Economic factors DISCUSSION: * Give an example of where climate or soil type is a limiting factor for agriculture. * How does culture influence what people want to plant or raise for food?

Simplified von Thünen model of agricultural land use urban market high transportation cost items: vegetables, eggs, dairy DISCUSSION: * Von Thünen developed his model in 1826. Is it still relevant today? * Are transportation costs still an important factor in where certain products are raised today? low transportation cost items: forestry, wheat Simplified von Thünen model of agricultural land use (pp. 225-226)

? Production methods capital labor intensive intensive vs. DISCUSSION: * In what other areas of the developed world is productivity increased by utilizing capital vs. labor intensive practices? labor intensive capital intensive ? vs.

? extensive intensive agriculture agriculture vs. DISCUSSION: * How does "intensive" agriculture differ from "labor-intensive" and "capital-intensive" agriculture? intensive agriculture extensive agriculture ? vs.

? subsistence commercial vs. DISCUSSION: * How does commercial agriculture differ from subsistence production? * Is commercial agriculture equivalent to agribusiness? ? commercial vs. subsistence

? nomadism sedentary vs. agriculture DISCUSSION: * How do the two graphics in this slide represent nomadic food production? ? sedentary agriculture nomadism vs.

• Irrigated versus non-irrigated • Different forms of land ownership: - family farms - tenant farmers - sharecroppers - plantations - state-owned farms - garden plots - agribusiness • Agribusiness and the globalization of agriculture DISCUSSION: * How do these different forms of land ownership work? * Are there still sharecroppers in the United States? [yes!]

Globalization • Time-space convergence • Winners and losers in the global economy • Free trade and comparative advantage DISCUSSION: * How has the U.S. comparative advantage in corn production sparked an identity crisis in Mexico? * In what areas of agriculture does Mexico hold a comparative advantage over the U.S. and Canada?

Export economy Traditional economy Globalization • Time-space convergence • Winners and losers in the global economy • Free trade and comparative advantage DISCUSSION: * Who wins, who loses? Export economy Traditional economy Figures 8.6 and 8.7 (p. 230))

Globalization • Time-space convergence • Winners and losers in the global economy • Free trade and comparative advantage • Cattle production in the Amazon • Global-local continuum works in both directions DISCUSSION: * How have you personally experienced the global-local continuum?

Amazon roads and deforestation Globalization DISCUSSION: * How does beef consumption contribute to tropical deforestation? Amazon roads and deforestation Figures 8.8 and 8.9 (p. 231))

Resistance to Globalization and Industrial Agriculture LDCs object to agricultural subsidies in the United States and the European Union: Unfair trade practices MDC consumers object to: Oil-based production system Environmental damage from pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers DISCUSSION: How does the Farm Bill affect trade and development? How sustainable is Industrial agriculture? Unethical, inhumane treatment of animals Monoculture mass production threatens food security Emphasis on low nutrition processed foods Weakened local culture and traditions

Responses: Local Food Movement Organic Farming Urban and Community Gardens Grass-fed, free range ranching Farmer’s Markets DISCUSSION: How does the Farm Bill affect trade and development? How sustainable is Industrial agriculture? Community Supported Agriculture (CSAs) Figure 8.10 (p. 232)) Restaurants and Chefs Promoting Local Food

Remote sensing Amazon Rainforest, Bolivia DISCUSSION: * How are satellite images like this one different from photographs? This specific map image is taken from: http://edcw2ks15.cr.usgs.gov:8090/imagegallery/silverstream/pages/pgImageDetail.html?ImageID=137 Amazon Rainforest, Bolivia Landsat 7 data acquired August 1, 2000 http://library.usgs.gov/

The Globalization of Agriculture Food for Thought: The Globalization of Agriculture Case Study Chapter 8

After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Differentiate among agricultural landscapes. • Understand how and why the same crops and livestock are produced in different ways in different regions of the world. • Collect primary data in your local supermarket. • Describe global food chains. • Recognize different land uses in satellite images. • Use remote sensing to study land use change.

Activity 1: Agricultural Landscapes and Production Methods Online Activity

Renewing America’s Food Traditions (RAFT) Activity 2: Global Sources for Your Local Supermarket Renewing America’s Food Traditions (RAFT)

Activity 3: Remote Sensing & Agricultural Land Use Change Figure 8.11 (p. 245)

Online Activity