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Participles, Gerunds, Infinitives Verbals Participles, Gerunds, Infinitives Goal: I will be able to identify and correctly punctuate verbals.

What is a verbal? A verbal is a verb functioning as some other part of speech. There are three types of verbals: participles, gerunds, and infinitives.

What is a participle? A participle is a verb functioning as an adjective.

Well, what is an adjective? A word that modifies a noun or pronoun. Adjectives answer the questions which one? and how many?

Participles A participle is a verb functioning as an adjective. There are two types of participles: past and present. Past participles end in –ed Present participles end in -ing

Note!! Be aware of irregular verbs with –n, -t, or –en endings Example: torn, lost, written, etc.

Example A raging fire destroyed the uninsured building. What kind of fire? Raging (present participle) What kind of building? Uninsured (past participle)

Choose the word that is the participle in each sentence.

The moving van was parked beneath the tree.

The beaten eggs are in the bowl on the counter by the microwave.

I enjoy freezing temperatures in the winter.

The growling dog scared away the children from the park.

The whistling wind made an eerie sound at night.

Participle Phrases What is a phrase? A group of words functioning as a single part of speech. A participial phrase is a participle with its modifiers and complements—all working as an adjective.

Example The fire station located nearby promptly responded to the fire. We saw the hawk soaring effortlessly above us. Modifying the fire station.

Select the words that form the participle phrase. Write the letter of the correct choice on your whiteboard.

Driving through the snow my father had to use caution. A

The dinner cooking on the stove smelled wonderful. B

A Pushing the wagon up the hill the paperboy continued to deliver papers. A

Riding my bicycle, I began to breathe heavily. A

The actor overtaken by fans hurried into the hotel. B

Punctuation with Participles The punctuation is the same as with prepositional phrases and appositives. Introductory participles are followed by a comma. If the participle is nonessential, it is followed by a comma.

Which is the proper way to punctuate the sentence?

B Racing to the finish line I smiled victoriously.

A My band, marching in the contest, took the audience by surprise.

B Showering the fields the rain fell all day.

B Joel, smiling after the win joined his teammates on the field.

B Eating the spicy food I began to sweat.

What is a gerund? A verbal ending in –ing and acts as a noun. Because it is acting as a noun, it can be anything a noun is: subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, predicate nominative, appositive. A gerund phrase consists of the gerund with its modifiers and complements.

Examples Subject: Talking loudly always attracts attention. Direct object: Everyone in my house enjoys watching the World Series. Indirect object: He gave voting for class president careful thought.

Examples Continued Object of a preposition: She worked eight hours without taking a break. Predicate nominative: A great thrill for her was winning the state tennis tournament. Appositive: Dad’s hobby, carving wooden soldiers, has taught him much about history.

Note!! The possessive form of a noun or a pronoun is used before a gerund and is considered part of the gerund phrase. Example: Mrs. Lambert insists on our typing our compositions.

Write the Gerund in each sentence.

Horseback riding has many benefits for people with disabilities.

Horseback riding has many benefits for people with disabilities Horseback riding has many benefits for people with disabilities. subject

People with disabilities or emotional problems can enjoy moving around.

People with disabilities or emotional problems can enjoy moving around People with disabilities or emotional problems can enjoy moving around. Direct object

One horse, named Silver, was especially good at walking slowly and carefully.

One horse, named Silver, was especially good at walking slowly and carefully. Object of the preposition at

Waiting took patience, but Silver let the teachers lift a woman named Maria onto his back.

Waiting took patience, but Silver let the teachers lift a woman named Maria onto his back. subject

When Maria started riding, she had never walked in her life.

When Maria started riding, she had never walked in her life When Maria started riding, she had never walked in her life. Direct object

Her activity had been limited to rolling in her wheelchair.

Her activity had been limited to rolling in her wheelchair Her activity had been limited to rolling in her wheelchair. Object of the preposition to

From Silver, she learned balancing.

From Silver, she learned balancing. Direct object

After building her strength, she cold even walk with a little help.

After building her strength, she cold even walk with a little help After building her strength, she cold even walk with a little help. Object of the preposition after

Silver contributed to Maria’s healing.

Silver contributed to Maria’s healing. Object of the preposition to

As a result of training with Silver, Maria now lives independently.

As a result of training with Silver, Maria now lives independently As a result of training with Silver, Maria now lives independently. Object of the preposition of

What is an infinitive? An infinitive is a verb form that usually begins with to. It is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. An infinitive phrase is an infinitive plus any modifiers or complements.

Infinitives Do not confuse an infinitive with a prepositional phrase. A infinitive is to plus a verb. A prepositional phrase is to plus a noun.

Examples To exercise regularly is very important. (subject) I hope to visit soon. (direct object)

Write the Infinitive phrase in each sentence.

Ringo the cat liked to nap indoors every morning.

To play outside was for afternoons.

Yet one morning he was determined to get out.

His owners, Carol and Ray, were too sick to let him out.

Carol finally managed to open the door.

Meowing, the cat went to the gas meter and began to dig.

Carol thought he was trying to tell her about a gas leak.

She called the gas company, to check the hole Ringo had dug.

“Your house is about to blow up!” the technician shouted.

Ringo’s instinct to warn his owners had saved their lives.

Now let’s practice deciding if we have and infinitive phrase or prepositional phrase.

REMEMBER Do not confuse an infinitive with a prepositional phrase. An infinitive is to plus a verb. A prepositional phrase is to plus a noun.

Label each underlined portion I if it is an infinitive or PP if it is a prepositional phrase.

There are many different factors that contribute to research. Prepositional Phrase

It is important to plan your research paper very carefully. Infinitive

Once you have completely developed your plan, get to work. Infinitive

To research for any topic will require some supplies. Infinitive

Organize all of your research information according to type. Prepositional Phrase

You should plan to school yourself thoroughly in your topic. Infinitive Phrase

If you follow a schedule, your research should proceed according to plan. Prepositional Phrase

Several people went to school and wrote their papers in the computer lab. Prepositional Phrase

It is difficult to work when it is noisy in the room. Infinitive

If your final draft is too long, you will need lots of patience to type it. Infinitive

Gerund or Participle

Gerund or Participle A gerund is a verbal that ends in –ing and acts as a noun. We were annoyed by the moth’s fluttering. (DO) A participle is a verb form that ends in –ing and acts as an adjective. The moth’s fluttering wings were white.

Identify the verbal Then label it as a Gerund or Participle

Many TV commercials feature acting animals. participle

There are bell-ringing turkeys and typing chickens. Bell-ringing – Participle Typing - Participle

Training any type of animal requires patience. Training - gerund

Have your seen the dog food commercial that shows a dog chasing a chuck wagon? Chasing – gerund (do)

Yearning – gerund (do) Hiding – gerund (do) The trainer aroused yearning in the dog by hiding a squeaky toy in a closet. Yearning – gerund (do) Hiding – gerund (do)

Then the excited dog was let loose. Excited - participle

Staring at the door, the dog waited for the trainer to open it. Staring at the door- participle

In the finished commercial, the chuck wagon disappears right through the cabinet door. Finished - participle

Working comes naturally to most animal actors. Working – gerund (sub)