Fundamental rights and duties

Fundamental rights The basic rights of an individual to live life with safety and security. Fundamental Rights are essential human rights that are offered to every citizen irrespective of caste, race, creed, place of birth, religion or gender. These are equal to freedoms and these rights are essential for personal good and the society at large.

Right to freedom (Article 19-22) Fundamental Rights Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32-35) Cultural and Educational rights (Article 29-31) Right to freedom of religion (Article 25-28) Right against exploitation (Article 23,24) Right to freedom (Article 19-22) Right to equality (Article 14-18)

NATURE Enshrined in the part III of the constitution and safeguarded by the State Fundamental rights are equal for all. Rights are justiciable – Article 32 Fundamental rights are not absolute. They limit the authority of the central and state governments. They can be suspended during emergency. Parliament can amend Fundamental rights

Fundamental rights Right to Equality Right to Freedom Right against Exploitation Right to Freedom of Religion Cultural and Educational Rights Right to Constitutional Remedies

RIGHT TO EQUALITY Article 14 to 18

Right to Equality: Article 14 :- Equality before law and equal protection of law Article 15(3) :- Prohibition of discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Article 16 :- Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment Article 17 :-Abolition of Untouchability Article 18 :- Abolition of titles, Military and academic distinctions are, however, exempt

Equality before law and equal protection of laws (article 14) It ensures that every citizen shall be likewise protected by the laws of the country. The State will not distinguish any of the Indian citizens on the basis of their gender, caste, creed, religion or even the place of birth. “equality before the law” implies that all are equal in the eyes of law and all will be tried by the same law and will be given the same punishment for same crime.

Social Equality and Equal Access to Public Areas (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to— (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.

3. Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children. 4. The State can make special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. 5. The State can make any special provision, by law, for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes in so far as such special provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions.

Equality in Matters of Public Employment There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the state. These are some exceptions to prohibition of discrimination under Art. 16.(I) The state may reserve some appointments for backward classes Offices in the religious institutions may be kept reserved for the followers of the religion concerned. Posts in the state services may be kept reserved for the scheduled castes and tribes. Finally Art. 16 forbid discrimination in matters of state employment only on the grounds stated in the article itself.

Right to Freedom Article 19 to 22

Right to Freedom: Article 19 :- It guarantees the citizens of India the following six fundamentals freedoms:- Freedom of Speech and Expression Freedom of Assembly Freedom of form Associations and Unions Freedom of Movement within Indian territory. Freedom of Residence and Settlement Freedom of Profession, Occupation, Trade and Business

Right to Freedom: Article 20 :- Protection in respect of conviction for offences Article 21 :- Protection of life and personal liberty Article 22 :- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases

RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION Article 23 - 24

Right Against Exploitation Article 23 :- Prohibition of Human trafficking and forced labour Article 24 :- Prohibition of employment of Children below the age of 14.

RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION Article 25 - 28

Right to freedom of Religion Article 25 :- Freedom to profess, practice and propagation of any religion Article 26 :- Freedom to manage religious affairs Article 27 :- Prohibits taxes on religious grounds Article 28 :- Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions

CULTURAL & EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS Article 29 - 30

Cultural and educational rights Article 29(I) :- Protection of interests of minorities Article-29(2):- Freedom to get admission in educational institutions, Article 30(I) :- Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions Article-30(2):- No discrimination while giving grants to educational institutions Article 31 :- Omitted by the 44th Amendment Act

RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMIDIES Article 32

Right to Constitutional Remedies Article 32 :- The right to move the Supreme Court in case of their violation This right empowers the citizens to move a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights.

Critical evaluation of human rights No rights outside the constitution Too many limitations Preventive Detention and Fundamental rights Rights can be suspended during emergency Absence of Economic rights Vague and complex language Supremacy of Parliament over Fundamental Rights Special concessions for minorities and backward classes are against the Principle of Equality.

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES (Article 51A) Added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee. These duties set in part IV-A of the Constitution of India. They are not legally enforceable. They are held by the Supreme Court to be obligatory for all citizens. Originally ten in number, the Fundamental Duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002.

Fundamental Duties To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

Fundamental Duties To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. To protect and improve the natural environment i.e. forests, lakes, rivers and wild life & to have compassion for living creatures. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement. Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

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