3. The return: Neoclassicism 4. 20th century in Spain

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3. The return: Neoclassicism 4. 20th century in Spain 1. Evolution 1.1. Impressionism 1.2. Expressionism 1.3. New sonority: Stravinsky 2. Rupture 3. The return: Neoclassicism 4. 20th century in Spain 5. New avant-garde movements 6. Contemporary dance Índice del libro

Evolution During the 20th century music turned into a diversity of styles and tendencies that broke with the unity of language, and looked for a new world of sounds.

Evolution 1.1. Impressionism In the early 20th century two movements related to Romanticism were developed: Impressionism and Expressionims. The name «Impressionism» is based on the painting by Monet called Impression, sunrise showed in the Exposition Universelle of Paris in 1874. Impressionism used music as a subtle and subjective expression by means of modal melodies, independent chords and great timbric color. The main composers were Claude Debussy (1862-1918) and Maurice Ravel (1875-1937).

Evolution 1.2. Expressionism The Scream by Edward Munch (1895) was the first example of Expressionism, movement that reflected mankind’s conflicts and fears by showing a distorted reality, marked by pain and anxiety. Expressionism, which looked for a more brokenhearted expression using «sprechgesang» and atonal music, full of dissonances. The most representative composer was Arnold Schoenberg (1874- 1951).

Evolution 1.3. New sonority: Stravinsky The Russian composer Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) marked the beginning of a truly contemporary sonority that influenced every composer of this period. The great work of Stravinsky that set the course of the history of music was the ballet The Rite of Spring, written in 1913 for The Russian Ballets.

Rupture The first avant-garde musical movements appeared in the early 20th century: Futurism, which introduced noise and machines into music. Dadaism, which rose up against all established forms of art. Dodecaphonism, which broke with more than three hundred years of tonal music when it introduced equality among the twelve sounds of the scale.

The return: Neoclassicism Neoclassicism went back to the cultivation of baroque and classical forms and genres in the search for a new type of Simplicity. Jean Cocteau (1899-1963). It recovered tonality and the importance of melody in order to get closer to the audience with pleasant and easy-to-listen music, without technical complexities and emotional excesses. Among the most important representatives of Neoclassicism we can find the French composers Erik Satie (1866-1925).

20th century in Spain The 20th century meant a crucial thrust for Spanish music due to the composers that joined the different trends of contemporary music. The most important composer and the first one who achieved wide international recognition was Manuel de Falla (1876-1946), main representative of the so-called «Generation of ’98» due to his connection with the literary generation. Falla took Nationalism to its peak but he was also influenced by other tendencies like Impressionism and Neoclassicism.

Electroacoustic music New avant-garde movements After World War II, the New Avant-garde movements appeared: Serialism Applied the concept of series to all parameters of sound. Movement connected with Futurism that uses any sound or noise taken from reality. These sounds of «particular objects» are tape-recorded. Musique concrète This music is completely made in a laboratory, in which sounds are created, processed and recorded electronically. Electronic music Electroacoustic music It is musique concrète together with electronic music. It was another stage in the development of electronic music that consisted of the introduction of computers in the field of composition. Stochastic music These were works that combined live performances of voice and conventional instruments with recorded music composed in the lab. Live electronics Supported open works that changed the concept of composition for the concept of performance. Aleatoric music

Contemporany dance Diaghilev’s Russian Ballets were the precursors of contemporary ballet. Modern dance theatre was based on emotion and the freedom of its approaches. Social dance in the 20th century received in America the influence of black and Latin rhythms, and the styles of popular music. It made room for a lot of dances that form contemporary urban dance nowadays. Vaslav Nijinsky (1890-1950).

Índice del libro