Plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide are confounded by impaired kidney function and poor metabolic control  Daniel M. Mueller, Martina Allenspach, Alaa Othman, Christoph H. Saely, Axel Muendlein, Alexander Vonbank, Heinz Drexel, Arnold von Eckardstein  Atherosclerosis  Volume 243, Issue 2, Pages 638-644 (December 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.091 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Statistically significant associations of TMAO, betaine or choline plasma concentrations with different clinical presentations. a) Males have significantly higher betaine concentrations than females. b) Diabetic patients have significantly higher TMAO plasma concentrations than non-diabetic patients and patients with increased diabetes risk. c) Patients with metabolic syndrome (according to ATP III criteria) have significantly higher TMAO plasma concentrations compared to patients without metabolic syndrome. d) TMAO increases with decreasing renal function. e) Choline increases with decreasing renal function. f) Patients with a history of AMI have significantly lower concentrations of choline. Atherosclerosis 2015 243, 638-644DOI: (10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.091) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions