Current Issues in Sport 20th Century Sport Current Issues in Sport

The Model Course 1902 Background Information Military needs became more powerful than educational theory Girls and boys instructed together: failed to cater for age or gender Children treated as soldiers Taught by NCO’s or teachers who had been trained by them Dull + repetitive content Set against the backdrop of poor diets, bad housing and other forms of social deprivation All of the above contributed to the lowered status of the subject

The Model Course 1902 Objectives Content Fitness (for military service) Training in handing weapons Discipline Content Military drill Exercises Weapon training Methodology: Command – response (‘Attention’, ‘Stand at ease’, Marching etc) Group response/ no individuality In ranks

Early Syllabuses of Physical Training (PT) 1904 and 1909 Background Information: Revisions of the 1902 model course School medical service was established which identified the necessity of raising the general standard of physical health among the children of the poor. Emphasis on exercise in the open air and the use of suitable clothing 1909 – local authorities required to train teachers to deliver the syllabuses Still large numbers and poor facilities

Early Syllabuses of Physical Training (PT) 1904 and 1909 Objectives: Obedience and Discipline Enjoyment Alertness, decision-making, control of mind over body 1909 – therapeutic effects of exercise (with emphasis on respiration, circulation and posture) Content: Re-creative aspects to relive dullness, tedium and monotony of former lesson Introduction of dancing steps and simple games Inclusion of Danish and rhythmic swinging exercises

Early Syllabuses of Physical Training (PT) 1904 and 1909 Still formal Still in ranks with marching Still unison response to commands A kinder approach by teachers Some freedom of choice for teachers

The Syllabus 1919 Background Information: Set against huge loss of life in WW1 and in post-war flu epidemic The syllabus was progressive in terms its broader content and child-centred approach Important Note: The Fisher Education Act 1918 promoted holiday and school camps, school playing fields and school swimming baths. Objectives: Enjoyment and play for the under 7’s Therapeutic work for the over 7’s

The Syllabus 1919 Content: Exercises and ‘positions’ same s 1909 Special section for games for the under 7’s Not less than half the lesson on ‘general activity exercises’ – active free movement, including small games and dancing 1919 syllabus – the first ‘child centred’ syllabus, but some teachers stayed with their old ways Methodology: More freedom for teachers and pupils Less formality

Syllabus of Physical training 1933 Background Information: The industrial depression of the 1930’s left many of the working class unemployed This syllabus - had one section for the under 11’s and one for the over 11’s Influences: The Hadow Report 1926 identified the need to differentiate between ages for physical training A detailed, high quality and highly respected syllabus Newman stated that good nourishment, effective medical inspection and treatment and hygienic surroundings were all necessary for a good health as well as a comprehensive system of physical training…..for the normal development of the body

Syllabus of Physical training 1933 Objectives: Physical fitness Therapeutic results Good Physique Good posture Development of mind and body (holistic aims) Content: Athletics Gymnastic and games skills Group work Methodology: Still direct style for the majority of the lesson Group work/tasks throughout Encouragement for special clothing/kit 5 x 20 minute lesson a week recommended Outdoor lessons recommended for health benefits Some decentralised parts to the lesson Decentralised - the teacher acts as the guide, with children working at their own pace answering tasks in an individual way

Physical Education and Modern Trends The (Butler) Education Act 1944 aimed to ensure equality of educational opportunity and to provide playing fields for all schools The Second World War required ‘thinking soldiers’ which influenced the need for ‘thinking children’. Assault course obstacle equipment, influenced apparatus design as well as encouraging individual interpretation of open tasks Background: The Butler Education Act 1944 aimed to ensure equality of education of educational opportunity Local authorities were required to provide playing fields for al schools School leaving age was raised to 15 years

Physical Education and Modern Trends This influenced the problem solving approach… Moving & Growing (1952) Planning the Programme (1954) Influences: The 2nd World War, required thinking soldiers and the subsequent perceived need for increasingly thinking children. Assault course obstacle equipment, influenced apparatus design Modern educational dance methods influenced the creative/movement approach Introduction of problem solving approach to learning (open tasks) Also… The extensive post war rebuilding programme lead to an expansion of facilities

Physical Education and Modern Trends Objectives Physical, Social and Cognitive Skills Variety of experiences Enjoyment and Personal Satisfaction Methodology Child centred and enjoyment orientated Progressive Teacher guidance rather than direction Content Agility exercises Swimming Movement to Music