Ancient Egypt

Chapter Four Section One The Egyptian Empire Chapter Four Section One

Egypt Objective Analyze the process by which early peoples organized their societies and built advanced civilizations

Setting the Stage Review of Chapter Two Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile Rive united into kingdom around 3100 B.C. Middle Kingdom (2080 – 1640 B.C) = trade with Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley enriched Egypt up the Nile River – 600 miles south of the Egyptian city of Thebes – a major kingdom had developed in the region of Nubia the Nubian kingdom of Kush traded with Egypt the two kingdoms particularly influenced each other culturally

Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt the prosperity of the Middle Kingdom declined Egypt descended into war and violence caused by succession of weak pharaohs and power struggles among rival nobles a weakened Egypt fell to invaders swept across the Isthmus of Suez in chariots – weapon of war unknown to Egyptians Hyksos (HIHK * sohs) ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.

Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt Hebrews migrated and settled in Egypt during the Hyksos rule Bible Abraham and his family crossed the Euphrates River came to Canaan – 1800 B.C. 1650 B.C. – descendants of Abraham moved to Egypt Abraham left the city of Ur and traveled to Canaan for the promised land historians believe the Hyksos encouraged the Hebrews to settle in Egypt because they were racially similar Egyptians resented the Hyksos presence; had no power to remove them

Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt 1600 B.C. – a series of warlike rulers began to restore Egypt’s power Queen Ahhotep (ah * HOH * tehp) helped drive out the Hyksos took over when her husband was killed in battle Kamose (KAH * mohs) was the next pharaoh won a great victory over the Hyksos his successors drove the Hyksos completely out of Egypt and pursued them across the Sinai Peninsula into Palestine Biblical scholars believe the Hebrews remained and were enslaved and forced into hard labor Hebrews would not leave until 1500 and 1200 B.C. = time of the Exodus ** Hebrews were the group that followed the Ten Commandments **

The New Kingdom of Egypt Hyksos were overthrown – the pharaohs of the New Kingdom sought to strengthen Egypt by building an empire (1570 – 1075 B.C.) Egypt entered its third period of glory it was wealthier and powerful than ever before Egyptians became conquers due to bronze weapons and two-wheeled chariots Pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty – 1570 to 1365 B.C. – set up an army that included archers, charioteers and infantry (foot soldiers)

The New Kingdom of Egypt Hatshepsut (hat *SHEHP * soot) declared herself pharaoh around 1472 B.C. took over because her stepson – male heir to the throne – was a young child encouraged trade rather than waging war trading expeditions brought back gold, ivory, and unusual plants and animals Thutmose III (thoot * MOH * suh) was Hatshepsut stepson war-like ruler theory he murdered Hatshepsut led a number of victorious invasions into Palestine and Syria Pushed toward Nubia who Egypt had previously traded with Egypt controlled lands around the Nile and far beyond commanded power and wealth which it never had before

Age of Builders in search of security in the afterlife – and protection from grave robbers – they hid their splendid tombs beneath desert cliffs The Valley of the Kings is where the Egyptians chose to bury their dead for protection from grave robbers

Age of Builders Ramses II reign = great builders At Karnak he added a monumental temple to Amon-Re (AH *muhn * Ray) Egypt’s chief god Ramses ordered a temple to be carved into the red sandstone cliffs above the Nile River at Abu Simbel (AH *boo SIHM *buhl) temples decorated with enormous statues of himself Ramses II Achievements 1. Amon-Re Temple 2. Abu Simbel Temple

The Empire Declines the empire that Thutmose III had built and Ramses II had ruled slowly came apart after 1200 B.C. strong civilizations rose to challenge Egypt’s power Ramses dies and the entire Mediterranean suffered a wave of invasion ** Two reasons for Decline ** ** Egypt invaded by Land and Sea “Sea People” – Philisitines – caused great destruction Palestine tribes rebelled against their Egyptian overlords Libyan raids on Egyptian villages – desert no longer barrier ** Egyptian Empire Fades after invasions = never recovered previous power Empire broke into regional units and numerous small kingdoms Libyan pharaohs ruled Egypt and erected cities from 950 B.C. to 730 B.C.

Egyptian Empire Summary GOVERNMENT ACHIEVEMENTS DECLINE OLD Pharaohs strong centralized government with a bureaucracy built enormous tombs the pyramids power struggles crop failures cost of pyramids caused collapse MIDDLE corrupt government suffered frequent rebellion canal from Nile to Red Sea = more trade and transportation large drainage projects Hyskos and Hittites and conquered NEW Pharaohs created a large empire Queen Hatsheput = trade routes Ramses II = military victories peace treaty signed with Hittites = first such document Assyrian & Persian invaders

Explain how the New Kingdom of Egypt became so powerful and wealthy. Essential Question Explain how the New Kingdom of Egypt became so powerful and wealthy. Write three complete sentences in the summary location on your note sheet

Egypt Objective Analyze the process by which early peoples organized their societies and built advanced civilizations