Study of an infant brain subjected to periodic motion via a custom experimental apparatus design and finite element modelling J. Cheng, I.C. Howard,

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Study of an infant brain subjected to periodic motion via a custom experimental apparatus design and finite element modelling J. Cheng, I.C. Howard, M. Rennison Journal of Biomechanics Volume 43, Issue 15, Pages 2887-2896 (November 2010) DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023 Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 The difference in size and proportions of the infant and adult skulls (Berkovitz and Moxham, 1988). The infant on the left has a fontanelle on the top of the skull. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 The flow chart of the experimental test and simulation procedure. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Diagrammatic representation of the experimental rig. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Detail of the structures of the experimental rig. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 The assembly of the anthropomorphic model. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Gelatine model production and assembly. (a) cured 10% gelatine with paper mark, (b) glue the hemisphere together, (c) put the model into the dome and (d) fill with water and set up the webcam for the motion capturing. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 The two-dimensional sagittal plane model of open and closed dome using Lagrangian and ALE method. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Three dimensional sagittal plane model of the open dome with Eulerian fluid field mesh. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 The velocity comparison by human shaking on torso and the experimental rig shaking on the model. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 10 Field of displacement of the gelatine sagittal plane for both (a) open and (b) closed models. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 11 Diagram illustrating the linear and rotational motion of the gelatine. Δx is the horizontal distance between a1 and a5, Δy is the vertical distance between a1 and a5. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 12 The motions of paper markers a1 & b1 in the open and the closed models: (a) horizontal motion Δx. (b) angular motion θ. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 13 The horizontal (dx) motion of the Lagrangian, ALE and Eulerian models. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 14 Results for the closed model, ideal open model, restrained open with pre-stress plus protrusion effect, open model with only protrusion effect for Lagrangian analyses. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 15 Results for the closed model, ideal open model, restrained open with pre-stress plus protrusion effect, open model with only protrusion effect for ALE analyses. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 16 Results for the closed model, ideal open model, restrained open with pre-stress plus protrusion effect, open model with only protrusion effect for Eulerian analyses. Journal of Biomechanics 2010 43, 2887-2896DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.023) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions