Age of Exploration & Expansion 1500-1800 Chapter 13, sec 1

Driving Motivations: Means: Effects: Why do you want to drive a car? What types of things do you have to have to drive a car? Effects: What are the positive effects? Negative effects of driving a car?

The Motives (Why they wanted to explore) Marco Polo’s writings about Asia Need a sea route because of Ottoman Empire Spices found in the East used to flavor and preserve food God-convert natives to Catholicism Glory-adventure and praise Gold-finding precious metals & expanding trade.

Marco Polo’s Writings

Ottoman Dominance

Exotic Spices

The Means (How were they able to explore) New technology Cartography (the art & science of mapmaking) had been developed by the Arabs Compass-showed ship’s direction Astrolabe-showed ship’s latitude Better ships Established European monarchies Especially Spain & Portugal & England

Portuguese Trading Empire 1420 Prince Henry the Navigator sponsors exploration along the western coast of Africa Gold is discovered— becomes known as Gold Coast 1488 Bartholomeu Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope looking for route to India 1498 Vasco de Gama made the trip to the port of Calcutta—spice cargo = huge profits Ports set up in Goa, on Malay Peninsula, and the Moluccas or Spice Islands. Portuguese force Arabs out of control of the spice trade. No intention of colonization— trading posts only

African Gold Coast

Bartholomeu Diaz

Voyages to the New World Spanish--Columbus looks for route to Asia by sailing west instead of around Africa. 1492 Columbus reaches Americas, explores Cuba, Haiti (Hispaniola) Believes he has reached Asia; reaches all major islands of Caribbean and Honduras—calls them all Indies (India) English—John Cabot explores coastline of New England

Voyages to the New World cont. Portugal—Pedro Cabral & Amerigo Vespucci in South America Dutch—explore & claim Hudson River and present day New York Treaty of Tordesillas set up by Spain & Portugal new territory claimed is determined by a north to south line through the Atlantic Ocean and South America

The Spanish Empire Conquistadors-Spanish conquerors of the Americas. Cortes conquers Aztecs Pizzaro conquers Incas Queen Isabella declares natives her subjects grants Spanish encomienda-right to use natives as laborers settlers use Indians brutally Spain sets up colonies throughout New World—missionaries, dioceses, parishes, schools, hospitals

The “Columbian Exchange” Effects: Native populations virtually destroyed by starvation, disease, and brutality. Natives forced to accept European systems Europe gains gold, silver, & many products European rivalries deepen Monarchies become stronger due to trade and colonization