Chapter 1 the science of psychology

How People view Psychology Reverse Psychology “If you eat your spinach, you will grow to be big and strong” “MMM, I wish I had liver for dinner”

“OutPsyching” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeE4pyWtDtA Deal making

LO 1.1 Definition and Goals of Psychology What Is Psychology? LO 1.1 Definition and Goals of Psychology Psychology: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes behavior: outward or overt actions and reactions mental processes: internal, covert activity of our minds Psyche- “mind” “soul” Logos- study of

What is Science Science is a branch of study that is based on systematically conducted research Follow strict procedures to collect data and form hypothesis Hypothesis- a proposition made as a basis for reasoning and further investigation without any assumption of its truth Examples of collecting data/research

Psychology is a Science LO 1.1 Definition and Goals of Psychology Prevent possible biases from leading to faulty observations Precise and careful measurement The scientific method is used

Behavior In psychology, behavior refers to those activities of people or animals that can be observed directly or measured by special techniques Observed Behaviors: eating, walking, running, talking (qualitative) Measured Behaviors: pre and post test, height and weight (quantitative)

Behavior Emotions fall under both observed and measured behavior Observed: smile = happy cry = sad Measured: anxiety: change of heartrate

Thinking Thinking refers to an unobservable activity by which a person or animal reorganizes past experiences through the use of symbols and concepts Studied through observable behavior or through tests or physiological changes

Organisms Organisms- any living person or animal Psychology’s main focus is on human beings: however, chimpanzees, rats, pigeons, and other animals are also experimented on. Ex- Infant development

Psychology’s Four Goals LO 1.1 Definition and Goals of Psychology AP: Strengths and Limitations of Theories Description What is happening? Explanation Why is it happening? theory: general explanation of a set of observations or facts

Psychology’s Four Goals LO 1.1 Definition and Goals of Psychology AP: Strengths and Limitations of Theories Prediction Will it happen again? Control How can it be changed?

What do Psychologists study? Everyday life: Everyday situations: Abnormal Behavior

History of Psychology Stone Age- behavior was caused by spirits Abnormal Behavior: help evil spirits escape Egyptians: behavior caused by Ka, a small person inside every Individual Greeks: belief through philosophy Plato- body and mind were separate entities (mind continued after death) Aristotle- body and mind work together- dualism- knowledge is not preexisting (grows from experience) Hippocrates- “Father of medicine”- abnormal behavior was not caused by evil spirits but rather natural causes John Locke- “tabula rosa” – helped form empiricism

Middle Ages/ 1600 and 1700s Possessed by spirits Exorcisms became popular 1600s and 1700s Phrenology- a false science based on interpretation of bumps on the head - Determined and predicted personality

LO 1.2 Structuralism and Functionalism AP: How Psychological Thought Was Shaped Structuralism focused on the structure or basic elements of the mind Wundt’s experiment (measure sound of a ball hitting a platform and time to account for it)

LO 1.2 Structuralism and Functionalism AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Wilhelm Wundt’s psychology laboratory Germany in 1879 developed the technique of objective introspection: the process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities Considered the founder of Psychology

LO 1.2 Structuralism and Functionalism AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Edward Titchener Wundt’s student; brought structuralism to America Margaret Washburn Titchener’s student; first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology Structuralism died out in the early 1900s.

LO 1.2 Structuralism and Functionalism AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Functionalism how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play Proposed by William James – first American Psychologist Influenced the modern fields of: educational psychology evolutionary psychology industrial/organizational psychology

LO 1.2 Structuralism and Functionalism AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Functionalism Mary Whiton Calkins; denied Ph.D. because she was a woman African Americans and early psychology

LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Gestalt Psychology LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Gestalt “an organized whole” Started with Wertheimer, who studied sensation and perception Gestalt ideas now part of the study of cognitive psychology cognitive psychology: field focusing not only on perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving

Figure 1.1 A Gestalt Perception The eye tends to “fill in” the blanks hereand sees both of these figures as circles rather than as a series of dots or a broken line. 23

LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Psychoanalysis: theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud Freud’s patients suffered from nervous disorders with no apparent physical cause. Freud proposed the existence of an unconscious (unaware) mind into which we push—or repress—our threatening urges and desires He also stressed the importance of childhood experiences

LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Freud’s followers included: Alfred Adler Carl Jung Anna Freud Ego movement Erik Erikson

LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism AP: Different Theoretical Approaches Behaviorism science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only must be directly seen and measured Behavior is shaped and is determined by rewards and punishments No Free will

LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Proposed by John B. Watson based on the work of Ivan Pavlov, who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned (learned) Watson believed that phobias were learned case of “Little Albert”: baby taught to fear a white rat

LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Mary Cover Jones: an early pioneer in behavior therapy “Little Peter” and counterconditioning

LO 1.4 Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Psychodynamic perspective: modern version of psychoanalysis more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of motivations behind a person’s behavior other than sexual motivations

LO 1.4 Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Behavioral perspective B. F. Skinner studied operant conditioning of voluntary behavior Behaviorism became a major force in the twentieth century Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement to behaviorism

LO 1.4 Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Humanistic perspective Owes far more to the early roots of psychology in the field of philosophy People have free will: the freedom to choose their own destiny Early founders: Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers

Modern Perspectives Humanistic perspective LO 1.4 Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Humanistic perspective Emphasizes the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she could be self-actualization: achieving one’s full potential or actual self

LO 1.4 Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures The Impact of Social and Cultural Categories LO 1.4 Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers Cognitive perspective focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning Sociocultural perspective focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture includes cross-cultural research

Modern Perspectives Biological perspective LO 1.4 Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Biological perspective attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system

Modern Perspectives Biopsychosocial perspective LO 1.4 Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures Biopsychosocial perspective Combines biology, psychology, and social interactions to help explain a person Level of analysis: Biological influence, psychological influence and social-cultural influence Biopsychosocial Approach: different levels of analysis form an integrated model These levels include: Biological influence, Psychological influences, social-cultural influence

Biopsychosocial approach LO 1.4 Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures

LO 1.4 Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures How Heredity, Environment, and Evolution Work Together How Traits Are Selected for Adaptive Value LO 1.4 Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers Evolutionary perspective focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share looks at the way the mind works and why it works as it does behavior seen as having an adaptive or survival value

LO 1.4 Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers AP: Different Theoretical Approaches/Major Historical Figures How Heredity, Environment, and Evolution Work Together How Traits Are Selected for Adaptive Value LO 1.4 Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers

Types of Psychological Professionals LO 1.5 Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Other Professionals AP: Domains of Psychology Psychologist professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology can do counseling, teaching, and research; may specialize in any one of a large number of areas within psychology areas of specialization in psychology include clinical, counseling, developmental, social, and personality, among others

Types of Psychological Professionals LO 1.5 Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Other Professionals AP: Domains of Psychology Developmental Psychologists- a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span Educational Psychology- the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning Personality Psychology- the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting Social Psychology- the scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another Industrial-Organizational (I/O) psychology- the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in the work places Counseling Psychology- a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being Clinical Psychology- a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Positive psychology- the scientific study of human functioning with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Types of Psychological Professionals LO 1.5 Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Other Professionals AP: Domains of Psychology Psychologist basic research applied research

Types of Psychological Professionals LO 1.5 Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Other Professionals AP: Domains of Psychology Psychiatrist medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

Types of Psychological Professionals LO 1.5 Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Other Professionals AP: Domains of Psychology Psychiatric social worker social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse

Figure 1.2 Work Settings and Subfields of Psychology (a) There are many different work settings for psychologists. Although not obvious from the chart,many psychologists work in more than one setting. For example, a clinical psychologist may work in a hospital setting and teach at a university or college. (Tsapogas et al., 2006) (b) This pie chart shows the specialty areas of psychologists who recently received their doctorates. (Hoffer et al., 2007) 44