DNA By: Alexa and Hannah

Curiosity Questions What happens to the DNA molecules in special needs people to cause them to have disabilities? What happens to the genes in DNA that causes abnormalities to form? What makes the percentage higher for abnormalities to form in children ? How does DNA make cloning possible? How did people discover DNA?

Type/Structure Nucleic Acid Nitrogenous group, Sugar group, Phosphate group Sugar/Phosphate backbone Deoxyribose as its sugar Polymer of 85,000,000 nucleotides long in length for 1 DNA molecule 4 different types of nucleotides (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine)

Effect in the Body Most DNA is inside the nucleus packed into chromosomes Mitochondria also have a small amount of their own DNA (known as mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA) In some cases, inherited changes in mitochondrial DNA can cause problems in your body such as growth and development in your bodies functions These changes can affect the way mitochondria develops energy. When there is mutations in mitochondrial DNA it often affects multiple organ systems ( brain, heart and muscles) There are multiple affects of changes in mitochondrial DNA common ones are muscle weakness, diabetes, heart disease, and intellectual functions such as dementia

Function in the Body The main role is long term storage of information DNA does not act directly on other molecules. Various enzymes act on DNA and copy its information into more DNA, in DNA replication, or transcribe it into protein.  A function of DNA is to decode the sequence of amino acid residues in proteins, using the genetic code Its sequence is how you look like you To read the genetic code, cells make a copy of a stretch of DNA in the nucleic acid RNA

Global Significance (Public Health) “DNA technology has revolutionized modern science. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), or an organism’s genetic material—inherited from one generation to the next—holds many clues that have unlocked some of the mysteries behind human behavior, disease, evolution, and aging” “Information molecule”

Recent Advances in DNA Technology Cloning  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)  DNA fingerprinting  Recombinant DNA  Gene therapy   DNA microarray technology  DNA profiling         > helped shape medicine, forensic sciences, environmental sciences, national security

Curiosity Questions Answered How was DNA discovered? In the early 1950s two scientists, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, studied DNA using x-rays. Franklin produced an x-ray photograph that him to work out the 3D structure of DNA. The structure of DNA was found to be a double helix. How does DNA make cloning possible? Cloning a gene usually involves copying the DNA sequence of that gene into a smaller, more easily manipulated piece of DNA

New List Of Questions What happens to the DNA molecules in special needs people to cause them to have disabilities? What happens to the genes in DNA that causes abnormalities to form? What makes the percentage higher for abnormalities to form in children ? What would happen to our bodies if we did not have DNA

Sources Global significance (public health): http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWind ow?disableHighlighting=&displayGroupName=Reference&currPage=&dviSel ectedPage=&scanId=&query=&source=&prodId=SCIC&search_within_result s=&p=SCIC&mode=view&catId=&u=43riss&limiter=&display- query=&displayGroups=&contentModules=&action=e&sortBy=&documentId =GALE%7CCV2644030702&windowstate=normal&activityType=&failOverTyp e=&commentary= https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/mtdna https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna/a/dna- structure-and-function