Ch. 6 The Skeletal System.

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Presentation transcript:

Ch. 6 The Skeletal System

Introduction Skeletal System Bones Structures that make up the joints Tissues Bone Cartilage Fibrous conn. tissue – forms ligaments that connect bone to bone

Functions of the Skeleton Supports the body Protects some internal organs Contains & protects red bone marrow Stores excess calcium

Types of Bone Tissue Bone cells – osteocytes Matrix – calcium salts, collagen In normal circumstances, calcium removed = calcium deposited Regulated by osteocytes Fig. 6-1 shows 2 types of bone tissue Compact (ground) Cancellous (spongy)

Types of Bone Tissue (cont.) Compact Made of osteons (haversian systems) Microscopic cylinders of bone matrix with osteocytes in concentric rings around central haversian canals Microscopic channels (canaliculi) connect osteocytes with blood vessels and other osteocytes

Types of Bone Tissue (cont.) Spongy No haversian system Contains osteocytes, matrix, blood vessels Cavities often contain red bone marrow, which produce RBCs, platelets, WBCs

Classification of Bones Long Short Bones of wrists, ankles Flat Ribs, shoulder blades, hip bones, cranial bones Irregular Vertebrae, facial bones

Classification of Bones (cont.) Long Bones Bones of arms, legs, hands, feet Shaft (diaphysis) Made of compact bone; hollow, forming a canal within the shaft Marrow canal (medullary cavity) contains yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) Ends (epiphyses) (Fig. 6-1) Made of spongy bone covered with thin layer of compact bone Red bone marrow replaced by yellow in adult bones

Classification of Bones (cont.) Short, flat, irregular bones made of spongy bone covered with thin layer of compact bone Red bone marrow within spongy bone Joint surfaces covered with articular cartilage Periosteum covers remainder of bone Fibrous conn. tissue membrane; its collagen fibers merge with tendons & ligaments attached to bone Anchors aforementioned structures and contains blood vessels & osteoblasts

Embryonic Growth of Bone Skeleton is first made of cartilage & fibrous connective tissue; gradually replaced by bone Bone matrix produced by osteoblasts Process called ossification Baby has fibrous connective tissue between skull bones (fontanels); Fig. 6-2 Permit compression during birth, growth of brain after birth These “soft spots” are ossified by the age of 2

Embryonic Growth of Bone (cont.) Rest of embryonic skeleton First made of cartilage ossification begins in 3rd month of gestation in long bones Osteoblasts produce bone matrix in center of diaphyses of long bones and in center of short, flat, irregular bones (Fig. 6-3)

Embryonic Growth of Bone (cont.) Long bones develop centers of ossification in epiphyses Growth occurs in epiphyseal discs (cartilage) at jxn of diaphysis with epiphysis Bone grows in length as more cartilage is produced on epiphysis side (Fig. 6-3) On diaphysis side, osteoblasts produce bone matrix to replace cartilage B/w ages 16-25, all cartilage of epiphyseal disc is replaced by bone; bone lengthening stops

Embryonic Growth of Bone (cont.) Osteoclasts dissolve & reabsorb minerals of bone matrix (resorption) Very active in embryonic long bones Reabsorb bone matrix in center of diaphysis to form marrow canal Blood vessels grow into marrow canals of embryonic long bones, establishing red bone marrow After birth, red marrow replaced by yellow Red marrow remains in spongy bone of short, flat, irregular bones

Factors that Affect Bone Growth & Maintenance Heredity – polygenic inheritance Nutrition – Ca, P, protein, vitamin A, C, D Hormones – growth hormone, thyroxine, parathyroid hormone, insulin, estrogen, testosterone (Table 6-1) Exercise or “stress” – bearing weight As simple as everyday walking

The Skeleton 2 divisions 206 bones in body (Fig. 6-4) Axial – forms body’s axis Skull, vertebral column, rib cage Appendicular – supports appendages or limbs Bones of arms, legs, shoulder, pelvic girdles 206 bones in body (Fig. 6-4)

The Skeleton Study Fig. 6-4 thru 6-16 Study Tables 6-2 thru 6-5

Joints - Articulations Joint – where 2 bones meet or articulate See Table 6-5 & Fig. 6-15 Classification of joints Synarthrosis – immovable joint (suture b/w 2 cranial bones) Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable joint (symphysis joint b/w adjacent vertebrae) Diarthrosis – freely movable joint; largest category Ball & socket Pivot Hinge, etc.

Synovial Joints All diarthroses are synovial joints (Fig. 6-16) On the joint surface of each bone is articular cartilage, providing a smooth surface Joint capsule of fibrous connective tissue encloses joint in a strong sheath Synovial membrane lines joint capsule, secreting synovial fluid into joint cavity Fluid is thick & slippery, preventing friction

Synovial Joints Many have bursae Bursitis Small sacs of synovial fluid b/w joint & tendons that cross over the joint Permit tendons to slide easily as bones are moved Bursitis Excessive use of a joint, causing inflammation & pain

Aging & The Skeletal System Bone tissue loses Ca Bone matrix thins Bones become brittle Fractures are more likely to occur Erosion of articular cartilage Knees, fingers What can you do? Exercise Diet high in Ca, Vitamin D