Anatomy of the spinal column By: Fatemeh Javadi

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

VERTEBRAE Body pedicles Laminae vertebral foramen Sup & inf articular Processes (at junction of pedicle &lamina) transverse process spinous process

Cervical vertebrae Transverse foramen The bodies are relatively delicate articular processes are short

atlas no body The superior articular facets articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull no true spinous process but simply a tubercle Long transverse processes

axis toothlike process; the dens

The remaining cervical vertebrae show a gradual increase in size The spinous processes of the middle cervical vertebrae are usually bifid The seventh cervical vertebrae has a long spinous process

Thoracic vertebrae On the anterolateral surfaces of the ends of the transverse processes of the upper 10 thoracic vertebrae are articular surfaces, costal facets spinous processes are long and slender and directed downward

Lumbar vertebrae bodies are more massive Spinous processes are heavier and broader Mamillary body (post surface of sup articular process)

Sacral , coccyx vertebrae five sacral vertebrae Ant/Post sacral foramina : first four sacral nerves Sacral hiatus Coccyx: 3-4 elements

JOINTS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN Synovial: formed by articular process Simple gliding movement Branches of the post rami of spinal nerves innervate these joints. Cartilaginous: Intervertebral disc between the bodies Annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus Small amount of movement between any two adjacent vertebral bodies

Ligaments Supraspinous : on the tip of the spinous process Interspinous :between one spinous process and the next ligamenta flava : paired ligaments that connect adjacent laminae Intertransverse :between transverse processes. Ant longitudinal lig Post longitudinal lig ligamentum nuchae

Spinal nerves

As the nerve exits from the intervertebral foramen, it divides into a posterior ramus and an anterior ramus. The post ramus turns posteriorly into the back muscles to innervate them and continues to the skin of the back the anterior ramus continues laterally and anteriorly.

the ant rami of the upper cervical nerves form the cervical plexus lower cervical nerves and the first thoracic form the brachial plexus most of the anterior rami of the lumbar and sacral nerves form the lumbosacral plexus The anterior rami of the thoracic nerves are separated from each other by the ribs;these anterior rami are known as intercostal nerves

MUSCULATURE OF THE BACK

Semispinalis: Deeper, more continuous set of fibers than erector spinae much of muscle fibers arise from transvers process & run upward & medially to attach spinous process

Inter transversarii interspinalis

Sub occipital

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