Memory

Bellringer: Write down the company this ad is for. “Zoom, zoom, zoom” “Have it your way” “Eat Fresh” “Give me a break” “It’s the cheesiest” “The San Francisco Treat” “The Choice for a new generation” Empire carpet phone number “Every Kiss Begins with….“ “The quicker picker-upper" “Can you hear me now?” “Just do it" “It's all inside“ "Mmmm, Good.” “I’m lovin’ it” "What’s in your wallet?“ "When you care enough to send the very best"

Agenda Bell Ringer: Popular Ad Campaigns (10) Lecture: Memory ( Fifty States List - How did you attempt to remember? Seven Dwarfs Memory Test

Agenda Finish Memory (20) Any Questions for upcoming test? (10) Memory Experiment in lab (40) If any time permits, you can work on your paper due at the end of the quarter.

Objective(s) Students will be able to differentiate between the different types of memories and how they are made.

TYPES OF MEMORY

FlashBulb Vivid memories of an emotional moment or event OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how encoding imagery aids effortful processing, and describes some memory-enhancing strategies that use visual encoding.

Flash Bulb Memories Why do they occur? Increase in the adrenal hormones triggers release of energy for neural processes activating the amygdala and hippocampus involved with emotional memories.

Semantic Factual knowledge Brain forms multiple links of concepts (more on this soon) OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how encoding imagery aids effortful processing, and describes some memory-enhancing strategies that use visual encoding.

Procedural Memory motor and cognitive skills classical and operant conditioning effects OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how encoding imagery aids effortful processing, and describes some memory-enhancing strategies that use visual encoding.

Episodic Personal events you have experienced. OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how encoding imagery aids effortful processing, and describes some memory-enhancing strategies that use visual encoding.

Eidetic Photographic memory

Stages of Memory

Stages of Memory Sequential Process Disk (Storage) Keyboard (Encoding) Monitor (Retrieval) Sequential Process

Information Processing Stages of Memory Encoding – get info into the brain/memory system Storage – retain the info Retrieval – get the info back out

3-Stage Processing Model Atkinson-Shiffrin

Atkinson-Shiffrin

Modifications to the Three-Stage Model 1. Some info skips the first two stages and enters LTM automatically. 2. Since we cannot focus on all the sensory info received, we select info that is important to us and actively process it into our working memory.

Sensory memory: external events from our senses and are held just as long as they are perceived.

Short-term memory (STM) Can hold a limited amount of information for about 30 seconds unless processed further.

Long-term memory (LTM) Relatively permanent memory Implicit: (nondeclarative memory) is LTM for skills and procedures that have been previously learned and does not require conscious thought. Procedural memory is part of this. Explicit: (declarative memory) facts, experience we know and can verbalize. (semantic and episodic memory)

Can be automatic or require effort. Encoding Can be automatic or require effort.

Filter Theory Donald Broadbent Unimportant info is dropped and relevant info is encoded.

Encode by Meaning

How We Encode: Types of Processing Parallel processing: Natural mode of processing – contains many pieces of information. Automatic processing: unconscious encoding about time, space, and frequency

Deep processing (Craik & Lockhart): occurs when we attach meaning to the info we want to remember. Semantic processing: the way we process facts and knowledge Self-referent processing: relating the info to yourself helps you remember it better

Types of Processing Shallow: don’t remember the details (ex. Crossing the street but not remembering each car going by) Automatic: unconscious encoding about time, space, frequency. (as you read you remember the story) Effortful: requires your conscious effort (ex. studying for a test)

Rehearsal: Ebbinghaus Studies Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition. Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUVYOFGEKXOZ

What Ebbinghaus discovered: Spacing effect: we learn better in chunks than cramming information. Next-in-line effect: when put on the spot we have a lesser chance of remembering info around us. when you are in a circle and must share your name with the group in order, you are less likely to remember the person’s name that was next to you. Serial position effect: LOCATION OF INFO MATTERS Primacy effect: better at remembering the 1st items on a list and even better after rehearsal – put into LTM faster Recency effect: better recall of the last items on a list (still in your working memory)

What else Ebbinghaus discovered: Learning curve: how long it takes to learn something and get it into LTM Forgetting curve: How long does it take to forget new information. Savings method: how long does it take to relearn previously learned info. Overlearning effect: continued practice even after memorizing it, is less likely to be forgotten.

Ways to help you remember: Encode by Images

Visual Encoding Imagery: mental pictures Rosy Retrospection: remembering the positives of the bad Mnemonics: memory tricks when encoding info to help with retrieval.

Mnemonics C C Coelenterata OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how encoding imagery aids effortful processing, and describes some memory-enhancing strategies that use visual encoding.

Mnemonic for remembering the planets. “ My very educated mother just served noodles” (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune)

Mnemonics Method of Loci: uses association words on a list with visualization of places. (ex. Pairing food with a room in the house to memorize the grocery list) Peg word: 1st memorize a list and put visuals to help you remember. (association words)

Link Method List of Items Newspaper Shaving cream Pen Umbrella . Lamp Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.

Encode by Organization

Hierarchy Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.

Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy

We build mental maps Concepts Prototypes Semantic networks Example: Dogs Prototypes Example: Dachshund Semantic networks Example: Dogs = Dachshund= barking= paws Schemas: gets more complex as you learn more things Example: Dogs = Dachshunds, Poodles, Labs, etc.

Connectism Theory: states that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections between neurons working together to process a memory.

Chunking 1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-8-6-1-1-9-4-1 or 1776 1812 1861 1941

Chunking Acronyms HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

Short term and Long term memory Storage Short term and Long term memory

Storage: Retaining Information Short-Term Memory Experiment by George Miller Demonstrated that the capacity of STM is long enough to input 7 digits plus or minus 2 Example: Phone number are 7 digits 444-7799 Area code is easy to remember because it is said apartment from the 7 digit number Phone number rhythm.

Why 7 matters The list of magic sevens Seven wonders of world Seven seas Seven deadly sins Seven primary colors Seven musical scale notes Seven days of the week

Long-term Memory

Memories and the Brain Memories do not stay in just one part of the brain. Long-term Potentiation: better communication between the synapse and the neuron = faster communication Hippocampus: Processes explicit (declarative) Long term memories

MRI shows that the Hippocampus… and left frontal lobe esp. active in encoding new information into memory Right frontal lobe is more active in retrieval

Cerebellum processes implicit (nondeclarative) memories.

THALAMUS Encodes sensory memory – Short term memory STM located in the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes

Anterograde Amnesia After losing his hippocampus in surgery, patient Henry M. (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot make new memories. We call this anterograde amnesia: inability to put new info into explicit memory Anterograde Amnesia (HM) No New Memories Memory Intact Surgery

Retrograde Amnesia Is memory loss for a segment of the past. Usually due to an accident/blow to the head Causes disruption in LTM

Stress Hormones & Memory Heightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memories. Continued stress may disrupt memory. OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss some ways stress hormones can affect memory.

Stress and Memory Cortisol – “the stress hormone” Sustained stress can damage the hippocampus Heightened emotions make for stronger memories

Retrieval

Measures of Memory Recall : retrieval of previously leaned info. Ex. Essay or fill in the blank questions on a test Recognition: seeing previously learned items (ex. Multiple choice) Relearning: studying/reviewing

Retrieval Cues Priming: activating specific associations in memory Mnemonic devices Cramming does not help you! Distributed practice: study over periods of time instead of cramming Mood-congruent: recall better when we test in a similar mood that we learned in Context-Dependent: often easier to recall info in the place where we learned it.

Déja Vu Déja Vu means “I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience.

Exit ticket: Get into groups of 4 Play memory If you win: on a scrap sheet of paper explain any strategies you used that help you remember where the cards were. If you lose: explain why you couldn’t remember based on what we learned today.

Friends and Memory: The States Can you name all fifty states? Can you name them in ten minutes? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gw39xQJJXVQ Can Ross? Mr. Throckmorton got 46…

 Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey,