Social Development (Chapter 13) Lecture Outline: Emotional development The “self” and personality Temperament

Differentiation theory Excitement Positive emotions Negative Emotions surprise sad pain joy anger interest

Other theories of emotion Discrete emotions theory: Innately disposed to experience emotions Behavioral and cognitive approaches: Emotions are learned through experience and represented cognitively Labels are applied to physiological states: Eat two chocolate bars and go to the movies

Paul Ekman: Facial Action Coding

Emotions have adaptive evolutionary function Joy: About to achieve a goal Anger: Confronted by an obstacle Sadness: A goal is unattainable Disgust: Something distasteful is happening All of these emotions lead to motivation for some kind of action or reaction

Children must learn to read emotional cues: Is this person modeling genuine warmth or concealed irritation?

Erik Erikson and Personality Development Trust vs. mistrust: Birth to 1 year Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (1-3) Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6) Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) Identity vs. Role confusion (adolescence) Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood) Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adult) Integrity vs. Despair (old age)

The “Self” Self concept What am “I” Physical, active, social, psychological components are related to progression across ages Self-esteem Evaluative component How valued am I? People internalize the evaluative judgements made by others

Temperament Disposition, intensity, and duration of emotional experience Easy: Playful, adaptable, regular in sleep and eating cycles Difficult: Fusy, irregular, unadaptable to new situations Slow-to-warm up: Avoid/ shy with novelty Goodness-of-fit: person X environment interaction

What do these non-verbal behaviors tell you about the temperaments of these job candidates? Who would you hire?