Jasmina Papa, UNDP Istanbul Regional Hub Regional Roma Survey 2017 Jasmina Papa, UNDP Istanbul Regional Hub The Project is supported by European Union

2017 Regional Roma Survey in the Western Balkans and Turkey Objective Generate, analyze and disseminate evidence on income, living conditions and human development outcomes among marginalized Roma communities living in the Western Balkans and Turkey.

Regional Roma Survey 2017: context Component 2 of the IPA funded action “Technical Assistance for Roma integration at the Community Level” Quantitative survey and qualitative studies Cooperation: World Bank Consultations: Fundamental Rights Agency, UN Agencies, RCC-Roma Integration 2020, National Statistical Offices, Roma Civil Society Organisations Countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Kosovo*, Turkey

2017 Regional Roma Survey in the Western Balkans and Turkey Design and implementation of the Roma Regional Survey in the Western Balkans and Turkey UNDP Survey methodology and sampling Questionnaire design Field implementation and quality controls Data management and cleaning Lead the analysis of survey data and the development of knowledge materials World Bank Statistical analysis of survey data Knowledge products (reports, policy briefs) on key outcomes and policy recommendations related to human capital, employment and living conditions in marginalized Roma communities Recommendations for DG NEAR on priority areas to focus on during pre-accession assistance

Regional Roma survey: quantitative survey 2017 Provide quantified and comparable picture of the current situation of living conditions of Roma in the enlargement countries (what is the status) for policy-making purpose Illustrate the dynamics over time of basic indicators (what has changed since 2011) …to provide the ground for progress evaluation, Suggest possible correlations and causalities (what drives the status) …to help answer the “why this status?” question Inform on possible priorities …to suggest “what can be done” to achieve change

Regional Roma survey 2017: Sample desing I Representative for Roma living in municipalities or areas of concentrated Roma population who identify themselves as Roma and non-Roma living in their proximity Data on “Roma vulnerable to marginalization” – and not on “Roma in general” 750 Roma and 350 non-Roma HHs per country

Regional Roma survey 2017: Sample desing II Roma identification – implicit endorsement of the external identification Two/three stage random representative sample, stratified The households in Roma settlements or areas of compact Roma population, i.e. with Roma population higher than national average PSU: Clusters within settlements inhabited by the Roma population (approx. size 30 households), selected with probability proportional to size of the target population within strata. SSU: Random walk (default option, under discussion) TSU: For Module 4 – Household member 16+, and selected by “first birthday” technique Approx. 750 Roma and 350 non-Roma households living in the same neighborhoods or vicinity. Question for discussion within each country : Informational resources available in each country for probability proportional to size sampling procedures for Roma

2017 Regional Roma Survey: Questionnaire(s) Integrated HH survey: HH and individual modules 5 Modules: 180 questions, approximately 500 variables Module 0. Management Section – interviewer and household head Roma identification questions External evaluation of environmental conditions around household Module 1 - Household members’ profiles – all household members Demographics, education, health, employment status, income, New income module proposal Migration and returnees, documentation Module 2: Gender And Early Childhood Development (6 years old and younger) – primary care giver Early childhood practices, kindergarten attendance Time use module for Women / Primary Care givers Module 3: Status of the household – recorded from the account of the household head (other family members allowed to participate characteristics of the neighbourhood, livelihoods and self-employment, Module 4: Individual Status and attitudes – randomly selected adult person from the interviewed household (16+) Time use module for everyone Active citizenship and trust

Research Questions (Welfare & Poverty)   Estimate living conditions of Roma and non Roma population living nearby Roma Understand determinants of poverty among Roma population, and how they differ relative to the non-Roma population Understand multidimensionality of poverty and how it correlates to monetary poverty Assess the different dimension of poverty across countries To understand relative position in the income distribution To understand drivers of poverty changes among Roma (redistribution vs growth, the role of labor income, pensions and social assistance)

Research Questions (Human capital and employment) To understand labor market gaps between Roma and non-Roma (human capital, wage gaps, employment rate gaps, access to services-health care, assets). To estimate the incidence of informality among Roma vs non Roma and understand its determinants To study (statistical) differential treatment of Roma in the LM (what fraction of the wage gap is due to observables and selection, and what fraction due to unobservables- that can be interpreted as “differential treatment”) To study how human capital disadvantages affect labor market outcomes, and whether closing the human capital gap is enough (are returns to human capital the same or there are also differences in returns?) To study the degree of segmentation in the labor markets To understand heterogeneity within the Roma population, and how this heterogeneity may reflect different labor market outcomes (should we treat Roma as a group or there is sufficient heterogeneity among them that is worth to explore?)

Regional Roma Surveys 2004, 2011 and 2017: indicators Education Literacy rates Highest completed education Pre-school enrolment rate Gross enrolment rate in compulsory education (7-15) and upper secondary education (16-19) Number of years in education Educational expectations boys* Educational expectations girls* Employment Employment rate Unemployment rate Activity rate (Labor force participation rate) Last employment experience No employment experience rate Self-employment rate Informal employment incidence Minimum monthly wage for which a person is willing to work full time* Preferences - employment regularity* Preferences - employment security* Health Health self-assessment Access to medical insurance* Incidence of specific medical checks* Shares of the population not having access to essential medicines Disability

Regional Roma Surveys 2004, 2011 and 2017: indicators Housing Neighbourhood change Regularity of waste collection Rooms per HH member Square metres per household member Shares of the population not having access to secure housing Shares of the population not having access to improved water source Share of the population not having access to drinking water inside their dwelling Shares of the population not having access to improved sanitation Access to electricity Size of households Source of energy for heating Source of energy for cooking Access to various HH amenities Economic situation Absolute poverty rate PPP$ 4.30 income based Absolute poverty rate PPP$ 4.30 expenditures based Relative poverty rate (60% equalized median income) Poverty gap PPP$ 4.30 income based Poverty gap PPP$ 60% equalized median income Gini coefficient Ratio of poorest 20% v. richest 20% Source of income Structure of HHs expenditures 1 Financial security Outstanding payments Outstanding payments – type Share of outstanding payments in HHs monthly income Home production Malnutrition Migration Household migration history Support from abroad Migration intention* Migration targets* Migration timing* Lifestyle and awareness indicators

Roma inclusion indicators and the SDGs: A lot in common? SDG1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere. SDG2: End hunger/food insecurity, improve nutrition . . . SDG3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all . . . SDG4: Ensure inclusive, equitable, quality education . . . SDG5: Ensure gender equality, empower women and girls . . . SDG6: Ensure availability . . . of water and sanitation for all. SDG7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. SDG8: Promote . . . full and productive employment and decent work for all. SDG10: Reduce inequality within and among countries. SDG11: Make . . . human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.

Regional Roma Survey 2017: qualitative studies Contextualized qualitative analysis on five themes for 2017 Roma returnees in Western Balkans; non-visible Roma lacking personal documentation; employment and labour market discrimination including wage gaps; gender roles and the position of women, violence against women and conditions contributing to early marriages/ cohabitation and environmental deprivation.

Thank you very much!