Chapter 8 Covalent Bonding 8.1 Molecular Compounds 8.2 The Nature of Covalent Bonding 8.3 Bonding Theories 8.4 Polar Bonds and Molecules Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Do Now Identify each property as that of an ionic or covalent compound. High melting point Low difference in electronegativity of atoms Conducts electricity when dissolved in water or melted Identify each compound as ionic or covalent CaCl2 NI3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Molecules and Molecular Compounds Use the element cards and chips to model the bonding of 2 fluorine atoms. Each chip is one valence electron. How can they share electrons to achieve the electron configurations of a noble gas? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Molecules and Molecular Compounds Covalent bond: a bond in which atoms are held together through the sharing of electrons Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Molecules and Molecular Compounds Molecule: neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds Examples: F2 H2O CH4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Molecules and Molecular Compounds Molecular formula - shows how many atoms of each element a molecule contains H2O - water C4H10 - butane C7H5N3O6 – trinitrotoluene (TNT) Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Molecules and Molecular Compounds Diatomic molecule - molecule that contains two atoms. HOFBrINCl Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Atoms of nonmetals can combine in more than one way. C O O = C = O Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Binary Molecular Compounds Does NOT occur naturally in the atmosphere Occurs naturally in the atmosphere Result of oxygen starved combustion in improperly ventilated fuel-burned equipment Natural by product of respiration, fermentation, chemical reactions, and combustion fossil fuels/woods Common type of fatal poisoning Poisoning is rare Flammable gas Non-flammable gas Symptoms: confusion, nausea, lassitude, syncope, cyanosis, chest pain, abdominal pain Symptoms: sweating, increased heart rate, frostbite, convulsion, panic, memory problems Target organ: lungs, blood, central nervous system Target organ: respiratory system OSHA permissible exposure limit: 50 ppm OSHA permissible exposure limit: 5,000 ppm Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Naming Molecular Compounds Look at the list of covalent compounds. See if you can find any patterns in how they are named. FORMULA NAME NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen Trioxide CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride Cl2O Dichlorine Monoxide S2Cl2 Disulfur Dichloride Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Binary Molecular Compounds Prefixes Used in Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Prefix Number mono- 1 di- 2 tri- 3 tetra- 4 penta- 5 hexa- 6 hepta- 7 octa- 8 nona- 9 deca- 10 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Binary Molecular Compounds Naming binary molecular compounds Write names of elements in the order listed in formula. Use prefixes to indicate number of each kind of atom. - Mono is not used on the first element. - Vowel at end of prefix is sometimes dropped End the name of the second element with the suffix -ide. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Sample Problem 9.6 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Name the following binary molecular compounds. N2O PCl3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Sample Problem 9.6 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Name the following binary molecular compounds. N2O - dinitrogen monoxide PCl3 - phosphorus trichloride Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Writing Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds Sample Problem 9.7 Writing Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds Write formulas for the following binary molecular compounds. nitrogen trifluoride disulfur dichloride Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Writing Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds Sample Problem 9.7 Writing Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds Write formulas for the following binary molecular compounds. nitrogen trifluoride - disulfur dichloride - NF3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Comparing Molecular and Ionic Compounds Properties of Molecular Compounds Composed of two or more nonmetals Lower melting and boiling points Solids, liquids or gases at room temp. Do not conduct electricity Do not dissolve in water as well as ionic compounds Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Molecules and Molecular Compounds Classify compounds into groups according to their chemical bonding (ionic or covalent). Sodium Chloride, NaCl Methane, CH4 Oxygen, O2 Ammonia, NH3 Magnesium Oxide, MgO Barium Iodide, BaI2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Comparing Molecular and Ionic Compounds Water Molecular Compound Sodium Chloride Ionic Compound Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

END OF 8.1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.