C2 REVISION – CHAPTER 1 – STRUCTURE & BONDING Fill in the gaps: When two elements react together they make a _________ substance called a_________. It is _________ to separate the elements after the reaction. Some atoms react by sharing electrons. We call this _________ bonding. Other atoms react by _________ or _________ electrons. We call this _________ bonding. When atoms react in this way they get the electronic structure of a _________ gas. Use pictures and words to describe each type of bonding: Ionic Covalent Metallic Fill in this table: Fill in this table of more complicated ions: Ionic Compound Ratio of ions in compound Formula of compound Sodium chloride Na+ : Cl- 1 : 1 Magnesium oxide MgO Ca2+: Cl- 1 : 2 CaCl2 Name of ion Formula of ion Example of compound hydroxide Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 NO3- Mg(NO3)2 CO32- Sodium carbonate Suphate CaSO4 KEY WORDS: Electronic structure Covalent bonding Ionic bonding Proton Electron Ion Giant structure (lattice) Metallic bonding ASSESSMENT:

C2 REVISION – CHAPTER 2 – STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES IONIC COMPOUNDS What type of force holds the ions together? Draw a giant ionic lattice: Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points? Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water? SIMPLE COVALENT MOLECULES How strong are the forces between covalent molecules? [intermolecular forces] How does this affect their melting and boiling point How strong are the forces between atoms in a covalent bond? [intramolecular bonds] GIANT METALLIC SUBSTANCES Why can metals be bent and shaped? What are delocalised electrons? Why do metals conduct electricity? How are polymers classified: Thermosetting: Thermosoftening: What is nanoscience? GIANT COVALENT SUBSTANCES Why is graphite slippery and conduct electricity? KEY WORDS: Giant ionic structures Intermolecular forces Macromolecules Fullerenes Shape memory alloys Polymers Thermosetting / Thermosoftening Nanoscience ASSESSMENT:

C2 REVISION – CHAPTER 3 – HOW MUCH? Complete the table Write how many there are in: Na11 Electrons: Protons: Neutrons: What is an isotope? What is Ar? What is Mr? What is the Mr of C2H5OH? What is a mole? Balance the equation and say how many moles of each substance there are: H2 + O2  H2O Relative Charge Relative Mass Proton Neutron Electron 23 What is percentage yield and what is the equation to calculate it? What is atom economy and what is the equation to calculate it? Calculate the percentage yield of calcium carbonate when 200tonnes of limestone is used and 98tonnes of carbon dioxide is produced: What is the symbol for a reversible reaction? Explain what happens after we add just reactants to a reversible reaction? How do we identify food additives? What is gas chromatography? What is mass spectrometry? KEY WORDS: Atomic number Empirical formula Mass number Isotope Molecular formula Relative atomic mass Yield Relative formula mass Percentage yield Reversible reaction Mole ASSESSMENT:

C2 REVISION – CHAPTER 4 – RATES & ENERGY What do we mean by ‘rate of reaction’? What 4 factors affect the rate of a reaction? What must happen for a reaction to occur? What is the smallest amount of energy that must be overcome for a reaction to occur? Explain the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction [think about: kinetic energy & number of collisions] Draw diagrams to represent it: Explain the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction Draw diagrams to represent it? Low concn High concn Low temp High temp How does surface area affect the rate of reaction? What do catalysts do? What happens to them during a reaction? Explain exothermic reactions: Explain endothermic reactions: What energy changes are involved in a reversible reaction? KEY WORDS: Collision theory Activation energy Catalyst Exothermic Endothermic Thermal decomposition ASSESSMENT:

C2 REVISION – CHAPTER 5 – SALTS & ELECTROLYSIS What is a base? What is an alkali What ions make something acidic? What ions make something alkali? What is the pH scale? What is produced when an acid and a metal react? Acid + Metal  Give a specific example: What is electrolysis? What do we call the substance that is broken down during electrolysis What is the positive electrode called? What is the negative electrode called? Label a diagram showing the electrolysis of copper bromide What ions are formed? What is produced when an acid and a base react? Acid + Base  Give a specific example: How is electrolysis used to extract aluminium? Why to we electrolyse brine? What are the half equations? What is electroplating? How is it work? KEY WORDS: Alkalis Salt Bases Neutralisation Acids Precipitate Neutral Electrolysis State symbol Reduction Indicator Half equation pH scale Electroplating ASSESSMENT: