Absolutism, Enlightenment, and Constitutionalism Unit 2 Absolutism, Enlightenment, and Constitutionalism

Peace of Augsburg 1555 Recognized the division of Christianity in Germany Catholic and Lutheranism Only

French Wars of Religion 1562-1598 Huguenots (French Protestants) Followed Calvinism (Versus) Catholic Extremists Growing militarism on both sides

House of Bourbon Ruled the southern French kingdom of Navarre Heir to the throne in 1598

Henry IV France Bourbon Lineage Huguenot before he became King Converted to Catholicism to satisfy his people-1593 Issued the Edict on Nantes-1598

Edict on Nantes Gave the Huguenots the right to worship and enjoy all political privileges Religious tolerance

Phillip II Spain Hapsburg Lineage “Most Catholic King” Married Mary I of England Ordered the Spanish Armada to invade England

Armada Spanish navy Destroyed in 1588 trying to convert England to Catholicism

Elizabeth I England Tudor Lineage English monarch whose biggest fear was war Returned England to Protestantism Ruler during attack by Spanish Armada

absolutism System of government in which a ruler holds total power

Divine Right of Kings The idea kings receive their power from God Only answer to God

James I First Stuart king Begins power struggle with parliament Leading to Civil War

Charles I Stuart Lineage Dispute with parliament leads to English Civil War Beheaded after the English Civil War His execution horrified most of Europe

Oliver Cromwell Led Parliaments forces (Roundheads) in the English Civil War Defeated Charles I forces Beheaded the king Took control of England and established a military dictatorship

Charles II Monarchy restored after death of Cromwell Stuart Lineage Placed on the English throne during the Restoration

James II Stuart Lineage Parliament feared he would return England to Catholicism Removed from power Escaped England during the Glorious Revolution

Glorious Revolution Parliament asks William of Orange to invade to rid England of James II, his son-the heir, and their religious views William and Mary become rulers of England

English Bill of Rights Signed by William and Mary Laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy in England Parliament gains more power over the king

Louis XIII Bourbon Lineage Chief Minister Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIV France The Sun King Maintained complete authority by distracting nobles and princess with court life to keep them out of politics Justified absolute authority through the divine right of kings Influenced by Cardinal Mazarin Built the Palace of Versailles

Jean-Baptiste Colbert Sought to increase France’s wealth and power by following the ideas of mercantilism

Frederick William The Great Elector Prussia Son becomes King Fredrick I r. 1701

Thirty Years War Conflict mainly in Germany Protestant vs. Catholics France vs. Hapsburgs

Peace of Westphalia 1648 Official ended the Thirty Years’ War

Austrian Empire Hapsburgs Old HRE Loss what would have been united Germany to Prussia

Ivan IV Russia Anarchy in Russia after his death until Michael Romanov becomes czar in 1613

Peter the Great Russia Romanov Lineage r. 1689 Modernized/westernized Russia Built the “window on the west”-St. Petersburg on a marshland

Scientific Revolution People began to observe nature to find the truth, not superstition

Ptolemy The universe is a series of concentric spheres with the earth at the center

Nicholas Copernicus First to argue a heliocentric theory Sun is the center of the universe

Johannes Keppler Proved Copernicus’ theory to be true Discovered law of planetary motion

Galileo Galilei Used his telescope to prove the heliocentric theory Heavenly bodies were composed of the same materials as earth, not orbs of light Recanted when declared a heretic and faced torture

Isaac Newton Laws of gravitation Laws of Motion Hoped to bring together science and religion

Francis Bacon Created the scientific method Used reason and observation to prove things

Enlightenment Age of Reason Use the scientific method to understand all life Create a better society by discovering natural laws Combat inequality Religious freedom

John Locke 1690 Writings Two Treatises of Government Purpose of government was to protect peoples natural rights Influenced Declaration of Independence U.S. Constitution

Thomas Hobbes 1651 Writings Leviathan Absolute monarchy was the best form of government to control chaos because people are selfish

Montesquieu 1748 Writings The Spirit of the Laws Separation of Powers Each branch of government limits control of the other in a system of checks and balances No freedom where there is no balance of power Influenced U.S. Constitution

Rousseau 1760s Writings The Social Contract Determines the type of government you believe is most effective Government should be a contract between the people and the ruler of a country

Voltaire 1763 Writings Freedom of Speech Freedom of Religion Treatise on Toleration Freedom of Speech Freedom of Religion Influenced U.S. Bill of Rights

Results of the Enlightenment Weakening of the Church American Revolution English Bill of Rights Natural Rights St. Petersburg-”window on the west” Music-Bach, Handel, Haydn, Mozart

Enlightened Principals Natural rights -rights you are born with Freedom of: Religion Speech Right to Assembly, Land, Property, Happiness  An enlightened ruler protects these rights through constitutionalism

Constitutionalism Limiting government based on the theories of John Locke A written government contract to clarify what powers were given to whom Executive, Legislative, Judicial In a constitutional democracy The people are sovereign (supreme rule) Exercise their sovereignty through a government limited by a constitution

Enlightened Absolutism Period when monarchs tried to rule using Enlightenment ideas Doesn’t work because power becomes a priority and enlightened ideas are pushed to the side for control and power

Enlightened Rulers ? Prussia-Frederick II (The Great) Allowed limited freedom of speech Continued serfdom (maintain hierarchy) Austria-Maria Theresa Not open to enlightened ideals Tried to improve peasant life

Enlightened Rulers ? Austria-Joseph II Embraced enlightenment Abolished serfdom Established principals of equality Religious reforms Angered nobles, clergy, and peasants Total failure

Enlightened Rulers ? Russia-Catherine the Great Supported Enlightened thinkers No changes to government Expanded serfdom Expanded Russia

War of Austrian Succession Prussia invades Silesia (held by Austria) Austria vs. Prussia Ends with no change-1748 Prussia still holds Silesia Leads to the Seven Years War

Seven Years War Alliances Causes Britain, Prussia, Hanover Vs. France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, Spain Causes Fight for Silesia (Prussia and Austria) Fight for colonial dominance (British vs. French) India and North America Britain will become the greatest world empire