HI 168: Lecture 16 Dr. Howard Chiang 1989 and Its Aftermath HI 168: Lecture 16 Dr. Howard Chiang

OVERVIEW Democracy Wall: 1978-79 Democracy Movement: 1985-87 Third Party Congress Eastern Europe and the Road to June 4 Democracy Movement: 1987-89 June 4 Years After Deng

Zhao Ziyang and Hu Yaobang

DEMOCRACY WALL: 1978-79 Wei Jingsheng (魏京生) - 5th modernization – democracy - ‘Does Deng Xiaoping want democracy? No, he does not. He is unwilling to comprehend the misery of the common people. He is unwilling to allow the people to regain those powers usurped by ambitious careerists. He describes the struggle for democratic rights—a movement launched spontaneously by the people—as the actions of troublemakers who must be repressed….If his idea of democracy is one that does not allow others to criticize those in power, then how is such a democracy different from Mao Zedong’s tyranny concealed behind the slogan “The Democracy of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat”? March 29, 1979: Four Cardinal Principles, shoving out of sight the ‘Four Big Freedoms’

Wei Jingsheng

DEMOCRACY MOVEMENT: 1985-87 September 1985 – student protests - 54th anniversary of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on September 18, 1931 - responding to inflation and the rise of nepotism as jobs were given to sons and daughters of senior officials [gaogan zidi] - astrophysicist Fang Lizhi (方勵之) Conservative CCP leaders: - launched a mass campaign against ‘bourgeois liberalization’ [zichanjieji ziyouhua] - Hu Yaobang relieved of duties in Jan 1987

THIRTEENTH PARTY CONGRESS Beijing, Oct 25 to Nov 1, 1987 Retirement of the older generation of political leaders ‘speeding up and deepening reform’ Zhao Ziyang’s report ‘Advance along the Road of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics’ - separate the functions of the CCP and the government

DEMOCRACY MOVEMENT: 1987-9 1989: 40th anniversary of the founding of PRC; 70th anniversary of May 4th; 200th anniversary of the French Revolution January 6, 1989 – Fang Lizhi sent an open letter to Deng Xiaoping, asking for amnesty Hu Yaobang died on April 15, 1989 Hunger strikes – moral authority May – movement focused on dismissal of Li Peng (prime minister) and Deng Xiaoping May 15 – visit of Mikhail Gorbachev, president of the USSR

Mikhail Gorbachev in Beijing May 1989

JUNE 4 May 20, 1989: Li Peng issued an Order of the State Council, declaring martial law in Beijing May 30: Goddess of Democracy Jun 3-4: PLA moved in to clear Tiananmen Square of all demonstrators - Muxidi and Qianmen Official figures: 200 civilians (36 students) killed and 3000 injured Government’s rationale: anarchy and counter-revolution Problems with the demonstrators themselves

Goddess of Democracy

Jiang Zemin 1989-2002 ‘Three Represents’ China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001

Hu Jintao 2002-2012 ‘Harmonious Society’ ‘Scientific Development’ ‘Populist authoritarianism’