Introduction Data Communication Networks Protocols and Standards

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction Data Communication Networks Protocols and Standards Basic Concepts

Data Communication Uneven Delay -Exchange of information between two or more devices Ways to enhance communication -Delivery Delivery of data at prescribed destination -Accuracy No changes at the time of transmission -Timeliness Delivery of data must be within time -Jitter Uneven Delay

Data Communication System Components

Networks Distributed Processing Network Criteria Performance Set of devices connected by media links Distributed Processing Network Criteria Performance Based on transit time and response time Number of user Types of Transmission medium Hardware Software Reliability Security

Protocols and standards Set of rules govern data communication Key elements of protocols Syntax:- Structure Semantics :- Meaning of each section of bit Timing

Standards Provides model for development Two categories De facto(“By Convention”) Proprietary(Closed Standards) Non-proprietary(open Standards) De jure(“By Law”) Have not approved by organization body.

Basic Concepts Line Configuration Topology Transmission Mode Categories of Networks Internetworks

Line of Configuration Point to Point Multipoint One to one connection Dedicated links Multipoint More than two Devices Shared a single line

Point-to-Point Line Configuration

Multipoint Line Configuration

Topology Geometric Representation of connected devices in a Network

Mesh Topology Dedicated Point to Point links Transfer of a data between two devices only. Provides privacy, Security. Provides fault identification, fault isolation. Problems with this topology Uses number of cables Installation and reconnection

Representation of Mesh Topology

Tree Topology Majority of nodes connected to secondary hub Central hub in the tree is an active hub

Representation of Tree Topology

Star Topology Each device is connected to the central point i.e. Hub. Devices are not connected with each other. It does not allow direct traffic. It is Robust.

Representation of Star Topology

Bus Topology It is Multipoint connection. Nodes are connected to bus cable by Drop lines and Taps. Because of Heating problem we use less no of Taps. Difficult to add another device in a network. Drop lines is connection between device and main cable. Tap is a connector that either

Representation of Bus Topology

Ring Topology Dedicated point to point connection with only the two devices. Easy to install and reconfigure. Connected to immediate neighbours

Representation of Ring Topology

Transmission Mode Simplex Half-Duplex Full Duplex

Simplex

Half-Duplex

Full Duplex

Signals Analog and digital Aperiodic and periodic signals Analog signals

Analog and Digital Signals Analog Signals- Continuous waveform that changes smoothly over time. Two forms-Simple Composite Characteristics of Analog Signal Amplitude Period and Frequency Phase

Periodic Signal It completes a pattern within a measurable time

Aperiodic Signal Changes constantly without exhibiting pattern or cycle

Time and Frequency Domain Time-domain plot Shows changes signal amplitude with respect to time. Frequency –domain plot Shows relation with frequency and amplitude.

Examples

Digital Signal Most digital signals are aperiodic Bit interval- Time required to send one single bit Bit rate- Number of bi interval per second