Unit V: States of Consciousness Modules 22 & 23-Consciousness, Hypnosis, Sleep Patterns & Sleep Theories AP Psychology

Consciousness Consciousness-awareness of ourselves & our environment States of consciousness Sleep Wake Altered states

Hypnosis Hypnosis-social interaction where 1 person responds to another person’s suggestions that certain feelings/perceptions/behaviors will occur spontaneously

Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis Can Anyone Experience Hypnosis? Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events? Can Hypnosis Force People to Act Against Their Will? Can Hypnosis Be Therapeutic? Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain?

Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis Can Anyone Experience Hypnosis? We are all open to suggestion, some people are more “hypnotizable” than others Measured by SHSS (Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale) “hypnotic ability”-ability to focus attention totally on a a task, become imaginatively absorbed in it, & to entertain fanciful possibilities

Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events? “Hypnotically refreshed” memories are not totally accurate Courts in United States (& other countries) do no allow testimonies obtained under hypnosis

Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis Can Hypnosis Force People to Act Against Their Will? It can’t force people to act against their will, but some hypnotized people may perform unlikely acts Research has shown that non-hypnotized people, may do the same

Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis Can Hypnosis Be Therapeutic? Hypnosis has been shown to be helpful in treating some issues, but not all Successful in alleviating chronic headaches, asthma, obesity Less successful in treating addictions (drug, alcohol, smoking, etc)

Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain? Can RELIEVE pain Inhibits pain-related brain activity; pain is still present, but is not processed or attended to as it would without hynopsis

Circadian Rhythm Circadian rhythm and age Circadian rhythm-our “biological clock,” regular body rhythms 24 hour cycle Temperature changes Body temp rises in the morning, peaks during the day, dips in the early afternoon, & drops in the evening Circadian rhythm and age Typically, teens/young adults are at their peak as the day progress Older adults tend to see their performance decline as the day progresses This shift usually occurs around 20 (slightly sooner for women)

Sleep Stages Two distinct types of sleep: REM Sleep-rapid eye movement sleep; also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active Vivid dreams are typical during this stage of sleep NREM Sleep-non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.

Sleep Stages We typically go through 4 sleep stages every 90 minutes: NREM1 slow eye movement. sometimes referred to as relaxed wakefulness Alpha waves begin to disappear People aroused from this stage often believe that they have been fully awake NREM2 no eye movement occurs dreaming is very rare The sleeper is quite easily awakened

Sleep Stages We typically go through 4 sleep stages every 90 minutes: NREM3 deep sleep dreaming is more common in this stage than in other stages of NREM sleep (though not as common as in REM sleep) REM rapid eye movement, increased heart beat, irregular breathing vivid dreams commonly occur Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

Sleep Stages Although the stages are numbered NREM 1, 2, 3, REM; they don’t occur in that order: Typically, NREM 1 occurs first NREM 2 NREM 3 REM The cycle repeats every 90 minutes or so As the night goes on, NREM 3 sleep becomes shorter & disappears REM & NREM 2 periods get longer

Sleep Stages

What Affects Our Sleep Patterns? Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)-a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness. Melatonin-hormone that induces sleep

HW-Using your textbook and/or other sources, identify and explain the 5 reasons psychologists believe that sleep might have evolved in humans.