Today’s Lecture What were the major political powers of the late thirteenth and early fourteenth century Anatolia? What were some of the major challenges and the opportunities for the Ottoman principality and its state formation?

Conference Announcement IMPERIAL LEGACIES IN A CROSS*CULTURAL MEDITERRANEAN CONTEXT Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, İstiklal Cad. No. 181 (Merkez Han), Beyoglu FRIDAY, 23 SEPTEMBER 2011 Section I: Political and administrative legacies (panels 1 & 2) Panel 1 (9.15 - 11.30): foundation myths and administrative ‘borrowings’ Christianizing the concept of imperium in Late Antiquity CLAUDIA RAPP (University of Vienna) Imperial identity in the making during the Proto-Imperial era CEMAL KAFADAR (Harvard University) Historical memories of empire in Late Byzantium DIMITER ANGELOV (University of Birmingham) The legend of Alexander in the Early Ottoman Empire DIMITRIS KASTRITSIS (University of St. Andrews) 11.30 - 1.45 Coffee/tea break

The expansion of the Ottoman Empire

Thirteenth Century Anatolia What were the major political powers?

Caliphate of Cordoba c.1000 (left) Almohads c1200 (right)

From Principality into Empire: Ottoman State Formation They established a political unity against the 13th century political fragmentation They subdued their political adversaries A semi-nomadic society developed a settled state system

What were some of the factors that contributed to the success of the Ottoman beylik in the fourteenth century? What were some of the major challenges?

What were some of the factors that contributed to the success of the Ottoman beylik in the fourteenth century? A successful “international” alliance through marriage 1344 Orhan Bey marries Kantakozenos’ daughter

What were some of the factors that contributed to the success of the Ottoman beylik in the fourteenth century? A successful “international” alliance through marriage 1344 Orhan Bey marries Kantakozenos’ daughter Building an inclusive polity and society Example: under Orhan Bey `subaşı` of Bursa was Koskos; and that the `subaşı` of Biga was Mavrozoumis.

What were some of the factors that contributed to the success of the Ottoman beylik in the fourteenth century? A successful “international” alliance through marriage 1344 Orhan Bey marries Kantakozenos’ daughter Building an inclusive polity and society Example: under Orhan Bey `subaşı` of Bursa was Koskos; and that the `subaşı` of Biga was Mavrozoumis. P.53 Chance factor 1354 Gelibolu Castle falls to the Ottomans after an earthquake

What were some of the factors that contributed to the success of the Ottoman beylik in the fourteenth century? A successful “international” alliance through marriage 1344 Orhan Bey marries Kantakozenos’ daughter Building an inclusive polity and society Example: under Orhan Bey `subaşı` of Bursa was Koskos; and that the `subaşı` of Biga was Mavrozoumis. P.53 Chance factor 1354 Gelibolu Castle falls to the Ottomans after an earthquake Successful consilidation of power Formation of a central army through pençik during Murad I’s reign (1362-89) Reliance on Christian power holders as vassals (to increase the power of the sultan vis-à-vis the muslim gazis)

What were some of the factors that contributed to the success of the Ottoman beylik in the fourteenth century? A successful “international” alliance through marriage 1344 Orhan Bey marries Kantakozenos’ daughter Building an inclusive polity and society Example: under Orhan Bey `subaşı` of Bursa was Koskos; and that the `subaşı` of Biga was Mavrozoumis. P.53 Chance factor 1354 Gelibolu Castle falls to the Ottomans after an earthquake Successful consilidation of power Formation of a central army through pençik during Murad I’s reign (1362-89) Reliance on Christian power holders as vassals (to increase the power of the sultan vis-à-vis the muslim gazis)

Bayezıd the thunderbolt vs Timur A Major Challenge Bayezıd the thunderbolt vs Timur Battle of Ankara To be continued...

Today’s Lecture What were the major political powers of the late thirteenth and early fourteenth century Anatolia? What were some of the major challenges and the opportunities for the Ottoman principality and its state formation?

How to read an article/book chapter? Read the title What does the title promise for the book/chapter/article? 2. Read from the outside in Quickly read the introduction or the first two paragraphs and the conclusion or the last two paragraphs. You should have a good idea of the major themes and arguments 3. You are now finally ready to read in earnest This is not light reading. Identify and highlight topic sentences and the most important paragraphs. 4. Take notes You may want to produce a brief outline of the chapter/article based on the questions the author is trying to address.

Two important questions to ask of secondary sources What does the author say? The thesis of a history paper usually explains how or why something happened. This means that the author will have to (1) tell what happened (the who, where, when, what of the subject); (2) explain how or why it happened. Why does the author say it? Historians are almost always engaged in larger dialogues with other professionals. Is the author arguing with a rival interpretation? What would that be? What accepted wisdom is the author trying to challenge or complicate? What deeper agenda might be represented by this effort?

Help for next week’s readings What is Barkey's aim as a historian? What are the networks of Osman Bey ve Orhan Bey according to Barkey? How did this historian identify these networks? What is the significance of establishing such network analysis for a better understanding of Ottoman History? In Kafadar's Chapter (some suggestions) What is the significance of "Rum" for Kafadar? How does Kafadar describe medieval Anatolia and its people? Why does Kafadar compare medieval Iberia with medieval Anatolia? What does Kafadar mean by the `lid` theory? What are the three major issues which generate tension in historiography today discussed by Kafadar?