Faculty of Engineering and Computer Sciences Thermodynamics I ENGR 251 Course Introduction Faculty of Engineering and Computer Sciences Concordia University

Lecture 0 Purpose: Introduction about this course and go through all the logistics essential information course format evaluation scheme course topics

Instructor: Dr. Hoi Dick Ng Room: EV 004.229 Tel: (514) 848-2424 ext 3177 E-mail: hoing@encs.concordia.ca Office Hours: Mondays 2:30pm - 4:00pm or by appointment Webpage: http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~hoing/Teaching/ENGR251/engr251.html Contain class lecture powerpoints & supplements Homework exercises and solutions Last minute announcements

Password therme PASSWORD: To open any the pdf file posted on the course website, use: PASSWORD: therme

Teaching Assistants Mr. Xavier Lesperance Tutorial MA F 16:15-17:55 xavier_lesperance@yahoo.ca Tutorial MA   F  16:15-17:55 MB S2.115 Mr. Jonathan Gabizon jgabizon@gmail.com Tutorial MB   F  11:45-13:25 MB S2.401  TBA  Markers

NO TUTORIAL THIS FRIDAY Sept. 8, 2017 THE TUTORIAL SESSION BEGINS ON FRIDAY SEPT. 15, 2017

Objectives To present a comprehensive treatment of classical thermodynamics within the framework of an engineering technology curriculum The course consists in three equally important parts: Lectures Tutorials (Quiz/mini-project) Homework To present the fundamentals of thermodynamics, including applications of the first and second laws, enthalpy, entropy, and reversible and irreversible processes. To train the learned concepts introduced during the lectures Apply the learned concepts

Objectives Graduate Attributes: This course covers the following graduate attributes: 1) A knowledge base for engineering Demonstrated competence in university level mathematics, natural sciences, engineering fundamentals, and specialized engineering knowledge appropriate to the program. 2) Problem analysis An ability to use appropriate knowledge and skills to identify, formulate, analyze, and solve complex engineering problems in order to reach substantiated conclusions.

Motivation Why should I learn thermodynamics in engineering ? Engineering thermodynamics is the study of how energy and heat can be used to perform useful work. Knowledge of thermodynamics is required to design any device involving the interchange between heat and work, or the conversion of material to produce heat (combustion). In order to consider yourself an Engineer, you must understand the concepts of thermodynamics and be able to apply them to real-world systems. !!!!

Motivation Why should I learn thermodynamics in engineering ? why we can’t make ICE cars that are 100% efficient? why your coffee gets cold or your beer (or soda) gets warm?

Who can tell me the second law of thermodynamics? Well… this may be true for you while you are still the first year junior. But definitely not for thermo and those who pass this course….

Conservation of energy Motivation Why should I learn thermodynamics ? This schematic demonstrates how the main concepts of this course are interrelated. Heat 1st Law 2nd Law Converted heat to work Heat flows from hot to cold Conservation of energy Quality of energy Analysis of engineering systems

$300 for hard cover $200 for soft cover $144 for the e-book Recommended Textbook: Y.A. Cengel and M.A. Boles, “Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach”, 7th edition (SI), McGraw Hill. Or any other edition We will cover most of Chapters 1 through 9 of this text. You are encouraged to consult other thermodynamics textbooks (see those given in the course outlines) to see different approaches to the course concepts.

Topics Basic concepts Definition and fundamental ideas of thermodynamics The concept of “a system”, “a state”, “equilibrium”, “process”, etc. Zeroth law of thermodynamics (which defined a useful property, “temperature”) Properties of pure substances First law concepts ( “energy conservation and interaction”) How to determine the energy of a system Changing the state of a system (energy exchange) with heat and work How to perform an energy balance for a “closed” or “open” system Second law concepts The definition of entropy Why heat flows from hot to cold (Quality of energy) Why perpetual motion machines are impossible Applications Application of thermodynamics to heat engines; engineering cycles

Grading Scheme Quiz 7.5% Mini-project 7.5% Midterm Text 30% (Tentatively scheduled for October 7, 2016) Mini-project 7.5% Students to Students project S2S project Midterm Text 30% (Tentatively scheduled for November 7, 2016) Final Exam 55% ** Faculty approved calculator only (Sharp EL-531 or Casio FX-300MS or equivalent) *** Must get a passing mark (50%) for the final to pass the course

S2S Project List of topics: What is thermodynamics? Properties tables S2S project: Students will have to record a short video (up to 5 minutes) explaining any topic of their choice covered in thermodynamics.  By posting the videos, future students will be exposed to different ways of explaining the same topic (for example, the second law of thermodynamics). This project can be done individually or as a team of maximum four members. List of topics: What is thermodynamics? Properties tables Phase diagrams Heat and work Equation of states 1st law of thermodynamics 2nd law of thermodynamics Gas Power and vapor Cycles Carnot principle Entropy

SHARP EL-531

Some tips in solving thermodynamics problem

Some tips in solving thermodynamics problem Write down a problem statement at the beginning (e.g., what are you looking for) and include a diagram/sketch that helps to clearly define your system and variables. State any assumptions needed to solve the problem, justified them if necessary. Express each step in a systematic and rigorous manner. Use units appropriately and consistent with the problem statement Use the correct number of significant digits Correctly obtain data from thermodynamic tables At the end of the question, think if your answer makes sense. (e.g., if you find 10,000C of your cup of coffee, you may want to check your steps and arithmetics. Write your solution clearly. Learn how to effectively communicate engineering solution to your employers and customers.

Importance of Dimensions and Units We will also use the SI units systems [SI for Système International]. Why? Because the relationship between the various units in the SI system is simple and logical and based on a decimal relationship. The SI system is based on seven fundamental quantities: Metric SI system: A simple and logical system based on a decimal relationship between the various units. English system: It has no apparent systematic numerical base, and various units in this system are related to each other rather arbitrarily.

Importance of Dimensions and Units The SI system is based on seven fundamental quantities: Ref: Cengel & Boles

Importance of Dimensions and Units Derived units: Force (F) Newton N Pressure (P) Pascal Pa Energy (E) Joule J Newton’s Law states: Force = mass x acceleration F = ma [N] = [kg] [m/s2]  1 N = 1 kgm/s2 P = F / A [Pa] [kgm/s2] [m2]  1 Pa = 1 kg/ms2 E = F  x [J] = [kgm/s2] [m]  1 J = 1 kgm2/s2

Dimensional Homogeneity All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous. Ref: Cengel & Boles - “Never add apples to oranges” principle When solving a physical problem, all the equations must be dimensionally homogeneous, i.e, all the terms in the equation have to have the same units. So, if at a certain step of the solution, you are adding two quantities with different units: that means that there is an error somewhere. To be dimensionally homogeneous, all the terms in an equation must have the same unit. Our equation is not homogeneous, and to solve the problem we have to multiply Qout = qout by the mass (in kg) to get kJ, and then we will be able to do the addition and to compute the work (W). [Note that we can also divide Qin by the mass in (kg)].

Some tips in solving thermodynamics problem PRACTICE!

How to succeed in this course Attend all lectures and tutorials Study class lectures regularly Do the homework (not memorize the solutions) Discuss with your colleagues and T.A.s You are encouraged to engage in discussions regarding class topics, in class, after class. Generally if you have a question, so does someone else! Don’t be shy. Most important, ENJOY this course

Don’t PAY for any medical note Don’t MSN/ICQ or chit-chat in class Don’t COPY Don’t CHEAT Don’t BE LAZY Don’t BREAK your arm Don’t PAY for any medical note Don’t MSN/ICQ or chit-chat in class Don’t FALL asleep Don’t DEFER Don’t forget you are a University student …etc PLEASE try not to leave in the middle of the lecture. Don’t forget you are an University student and a future engineer All students should become familiar with the University’s Academic Code of Conduct (see http://www.concordia.ca/students/academic-integrity/code.html)

Week Topics Supplementals Week #1 (Sept. 6) Introduction Week #2 (Sept. 11/ Sept. 13) Basic thermodynamics concepts Basic concepts: temperature and pressure Week #3 (Sept. 18 / Sept. 20) Properties of pure substances: Phase changes Properties of pure substances: thermodynamic table Week #4 (Sept. 25 / Sept. 27) Quiz #1 (Oct. 6, 2017) Week #5 (Oct. 2 / Oct. 4) Ideal gas equation of states Compressibility factor (additional information) Week #6 (Oct. 9 / Oct. 11) THANKSGIVING (holiday) Specific heats Energy transfer by heat and work Week #7 (Oct. 16 / Oct. 18) Energy transfer by heat and work (continued) First law of thermodynamics – closed systems Midterm review ---- Midterm exam will cover all the above chapters ----- Week #8 (Oct. 23 / Oct. 25) First Law analysis – open systems Control volume energy analysis Week #9 (Oct. 30 /Nov. 1) Control volume energy analysis (continued 1) Control volume energy analysis (continued 2) Week #10 (Nov. 6 / Nov. 8) Midterm exam Basic gas power and vapor cycles Week #11 (Nov. 13 / Nov. 15) Basic gas power and vapor cycles (continued) The second law of thermodynamics Week #12 (Nov. 20 / Nov. 22) Reversibility Carnot Cycle / Entropy Quiz #2 Week #13  (Nov. 27 / Nov. 29) Entropy (continued) and Tds equations Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady Flow Devices ----- Final exam will cover all the above chapters ------ Extra reference materials Steady flow work Entropy balance for open systems Week #14 (Dec. 4) Final review

Provisional Course Schedule Week Dates Topic Textbook Chapters Sept. 9 – Sept. 11 Basic concepts: temperature, and pressure 1 2 Sept. 16 – Sept. 18 Properties of solids and liquids 3 3 Sept. 23 – Sept. 25 Phase changes, equilibrium, and thermodynamic tables 3 4 Sept. 30 – Oct. 2 Ideal gas law and thermodynamic properties 3 5 Oct. 7 – Oct. 9 Energy transfer by heat and work 2, 4 6 Oct. 16 Midterm 7 Oct. 21 – Oct. 23 First Law analysis of closed systems 4 8 Oct. 28. – Oct. 30 First Law analysis of open systems 5 9 Nov. 4 – Nov. 6 Gas power cycles (converting heat to work) & engines 9 10 Nov. 11 – Nov. 13 Engines (planes, trains, and automobiles) 9 11 Nov. 18 – Nov. 20 Heat engines (maximizing efficiency) 9&6 12 Mechanical energy and the First Law 13 Mar. 16 – Mar. 20 The Second Law and perpetual motion machines 6 14 Mar. 23 – Mar. 27 Entropy, probability, and the arrow of time 7