Double Helix/Twisted Ladder/Spiral Staircase TAG… You’re it! My DNA Speaks To Me… Objective: To learn how DNA translates to physical characteristics Bell work: What is the shape of DNA? Double Helix/Twisted Ladder/Spiral Staircase © Getting Nerdy, LLC

A single gene… one from mom, one from dad… Back to the chromosomes… You have 23 pairs of chromosomes, located in every cell of your body Chromosomes are the coiled strands of DNA Genes are sections of DNA that code for a specific trait Genes are paired on each chromosome You can actually SEE the genes as bands when you look at chromosomes closely © Getting Nerdy, LLC

TAG… You’re it! DNA has a language all its own - it speaks in words three letters long. Each grouping of letters calls for a particular amino acid. String the amino acids up in a long chain, and you have a protein - the building block of all things living! © Getting Nerdy, LLC

So, if CYTOSINE pairs with GUANINE and ADENINE now pairs with URACIL, what will the new strand of RNA look like? Our cells use DNA as the instructions for all kinds of things, including making PROTEINS. DNA is too large to leave the nucleus, so it uses a strand of RNA to make a “template” of the DNA. It sends the RNA out to the RIBOSOMES for translation into a protein. When it makes RNA, it uses URACIL instead of THYMINE. New RNA strand Original DNA strand C G U A G C A T © Getting Nerdy, LLC

TAG… You’re it! Objective: To use amino acids (words) to build proteins (sentences) using various sequences of DNA.   Here’s what you’ll need to conduct this activity: Laminated nucleus sheet with DNA strands tRNA/amino acid “word” cards printed on cardstock © Getting Nerdy, LLC

Background Information: DNA is like a book. It’s made up of millions of nitrogen bases in different sequences, which is what makes each and every one of us unique, and every book a new adventure. Every single chapter in the book describes how to make a particular protein. There are several steps to synthesizing proteins. The first step is transcription. During transcription, a copy of DNA is made in a single strand called mRNA but in RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil. So… TACAAG would transcribe to AUGUUC mRNA then leaves the nucleus to join the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. At the ribosome rRNA helps tRNA link amino acids together to make a polypeptide (protein) chain. It starts with the TAG codon and stops with a codon like ACT, ATG, or ATT. So… the mRNA strand of AUGUUC would then be translated by tRNA into UACAAG which creates a protein chain with the amino acids Methionine and Phenylalanine © Getting Nerdy, LLC

Do Ya GAT It? What you do: You will work in groups of FOUR with each student serving the role of: DNA, mRNA transcriber, tRNA translator, and amino acid translator Look at the nucleus picture containing different DNA sequences in the center of your desk – Don’t move it! The DNA student will pick a DNA sequence from the nucleus and write it down on your sheet. Pass the sheet to the mRNA transcriber. The mRNA transcriber will use the rules of mRNA and DNA nucleotide base pair matching to transcribe the DNA sequence into mRNA (remember Thymine is replaced with Uracil). Pass the sheet to the tRNA translator. The tRNA translator will now take the transcriber’s mRNA sequence and write out the tRNA sequence (remember Thymine is replaced with Uracil). Pass to the final student - the amino acid translator. The amino acid translator will finish the job by searching out the correct tRNA card, flip the card over to reveal the “amino acid” or word that will complete the sentence. Write down the words that complete your sentence and read the statement aloud to your group. If it sounds correct, move on to another DNA strand in your nucleus. If it is incorrect (sentence doesn’t make sense) learn from your mistakes and move on . Switch roles so that everyone has a chance to act as DNA, mRNA transcriber, tRNA translator, and amino acid translator. Begin the next DNA strand and continue to work out each strand. © Getting Nerdy, LLC