HW: Translation Homework Monday March 20, 2017 I can: explain how cells make proteins Catalyst What are the 6 stages of the cell cycle (including mitosis)? What is the process of making an RNA message from DNA called? What are the 3 types of RNA, and what do they do? During which part of the cell cycle does the cell grow/make proteins? Agenda (10) Catalyst (20) Review Mitosis (15) GN: Translation (15) GP: Protein Synthesis (15) Translation Homework (5) Exit Ticket HW: Translation Homework

The cell cycle is the series of four events that cells go through as they grow and divide. G1 phase S phase G2 phase M phase

The cell cycle is the series of four events that cells go through as they grow and divide. G1 phase Gap 1 phase: Cells grow in size and make new proteins and organelles.

The cell cycle is the series of four events that cells go through as they grow and divide. S phase Synthesis phase: DNA replication occurs

The cell cycle is the series of four events that cells go through as they grow and divide. G2 phase Gap 2 phase: Cell prepares for mitosis.

The cell cycle is the series of four events that cells go through as they grow and divide. G1 phase S phase G2 phase The first 3 stages of the cell cycle are called interphase. The cell spends most of its time in interphase.

The cell cycle is the series of four events that cells go through as they grow and divide. M phase Mitotic phase: Cell divides. Consists of 2 parts: mitosis – nucleus divides cytokinesis – cytoplasm and cell membrane divide

(before mitosis) Interphase Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides itself one time to produce 2 identical daughter cells. occurs in 4 phases (before mitosis) Interphase G1 phase G2 phase S phase Prophase DNA condenses into chromosomes nuclear envelope breaks down Metaphase chromosomes line up across the center of the cell spindle fibers attach to chromosomes Anaphase sister chromatids split and move apart to opposite ends of the cell Telophase chromosomes begin to loosen nuclear envelope reforms

After mitosis is through, cytokinesis occurs to split the cytoplasm and cell membrane.

Notes #21: Translation

DNA provides the instructions for making proteins DNA provides the instructions for making proteins. The Central Dogma of Biology tells us how proteins are made from DNA instructions. The order or sequence of bases in an mRNA molecule determines the order in which amino acids are joined together.

The Genetic Code C T C G T C A G A G G A A A A The “language” of mRNA instructions is called the genetic code. each 3-letter “word” is called a codon and it makes a particular amino acid C T C G T C A G A G G A A A A Leu Val Arg Gly Lys

Translation decodes mRNA to produce polypeptide chains at the ribosome.

Step 4: The tRNA floats away. Step 3: The ribosome forms bonds between the amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Step 2: Each tRNA carries an amino acid to the complementary sequence on the mRNA. Step 1: mRNA attaches to the ribosome.

DNA  mRNA  amino acid Codon charts show amino acids produced from codons 15

mRNA codon Amino acid UCC AGA UGU UGA   AGA UGU UGA ser arg cys stop 16

DNA: T T A C G T A T C mRNA: Codons: A A U G C A U A G Amino acids: asp ala stop 17

DNA: mRNA: tRNA: amino acids: T A C T G A T C G A C C C C C A T A A T G A A A A T C mRNA: A U G A C U A G C U G G G G G U A U U A C U U U U A G tRNA: U A C U G A U C G A C C C C C A U A A U G A A A A U C amino acids: